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Electrolytic dissociation of acids

Laboratory equipment
Source: domena publiczna.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • why aqueous hydroxide solutions conduct electricity;

  • how to write the electrolytic dissociation equations of the bases and present the process using models.

You will learn
  • to explain why aqueous acid solutions conduct electricity;

  • to define the concept of acids according to the theory of electrolytic dissociation;

  • to write electrolytic dissociation equations of acids and present this process using models.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Testing the conductivity of electric current by acids

Task 1

Plan and conduct experiments to investigate whether distilled water, sparkling water (highly diluted carbonic acid solution) and any inorganic acid are conductors of electric current.

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Wykonaj ćwiczenie zgodnie z poleceniem.

Electrolytic dissociation of hydracids

Task 2

Watch the presentation „Steps of hydrogen sulfide dissociation”. What step of dissociation means? Write down the answer.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu
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Gradual dissociation is… (Uzupełnij).

One particle of hydrogen sulfide dissociates into two cations of hydrogen H3O+ and one sulfate anionS2-. This is a reversible process – the molecules break down into ions that can reassemble to form molecules. In the chemical reaction equations, we mark a reversible reaction like this: .

Hydrogen sulfide in an aqueous solution is not fully dissociated. It means that it contains both H2S molecules as H+ and S2- ions. Such electrolytes are called weak. For such acids, a double arrow is used .

Hydracids dissociates into: hydronium cations (positive ions) and acid residue anions (negative ions), for example Cl- (chloride anion), S2- (sulfide anion), F- (fluoride anion).

Electrolytic dissociation of oxoacids

Task 3

Use plasticine and sticks or coloured paper to make simplified models of the dissociation process of nitric acid and sulfurous acid.

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Simplified model scheme of the nitric acid dissociation process.
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Nitric acid dissociates into oxonium cation and nitrate anion under the influence of water. It should be remembered that both oxonium cations and nitrate anions in an aqueous solution are surrounded by water molecules.

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Ilustracja przedstawiająca dwa równania chemiczne procesu stopniowej dysocjacji elektrolitycznej kwasu siarkowego sześć. Pierwsze równanie: ha dwa es o 4, kwas siarkowy sześć sulfuric acid, dodać ha dwa o, woda water, strzałka w prawo ha es o cztery minus, anion wodorosiarczanowy sześć, hydrogen sulfate anion, dodać ha trzy o plus, jon hydroniowy, hydronium ion. Drugie równanie ha es o cztery minus, anion wodorosiarczanowy sześć, hydrogen sulfate anion dodać ha dwa o, wodę, water strzałki w obie strony es o cztery dwa minus, anion siarczanowy sześć, sulfate anion dodać ha trzy o plus, jon hydroniowy, hydronium ion.
Model scheme of the dissociation of sulfuric acid
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

One molecule of sulfuric acid dissociates, i.e. it disintegrates under the influence of water into two hydronium cations and sulfate anion. Both oxonium cations and sulfate anions in an aqueous solution are surrounded by water molecules.

HIndeks dolny 2SOIndeks dolny 4 + 2 HIndeks dolny 2O → SOIndeks dolny 4Indeks górny 2- + 2 HIndeks dolny 3OIndeks górny +

Oxoacids dissociate into: oxonium cations (positive ions) and anions of the acid residue (negative ions). If necessary, we mark valence of a non‑metal characteristic for a given acid in the name of the anion.

Acid

Anion of an acid

carbonic H2CO3

carbonate anion CO32-

sulphurous H2SO3

sulfite anion SO32-

sulphuric H2SO4

sulfate anion SO42-

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A simplified scheme of the sulphurous acid dissociation process
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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Simplified scheme of dissociation of phosphoric acid
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Task 4

Watch the presentation „Steps of dissociation of carbonic acid”. Write in the notebook the equation of this reaction and read it.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

The theory of the disintegration of substances into ions was developed by Svante Arrhenius. According to it acidsacidsacids are chemical compounds that dissociate into oxonium cations and anions of acidic residues in aqueous solution:

HnR H2O nH+ + Rn-

where:
R – acid residue,
n – number of hydrogen atoms in the acid molecule (valency of the acid residue). Charge of the anion of acid residue is equal to the number of cations of oxonium that can be detached from the molecule of an acid.

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Exercise 1
Complete the definition. Electrolytic dissociation is the process of the Tu uzupełnij of chemical molecules into Tu uzupełnij under the influence of a solvent, for example water. Compounds in which ionic or very highly polarized Tu uzupełnij Tu uzupełnij are present can undergo dissociation. The dissociated solution of the chemical is called Tu uzupełnij.
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Exercise 2
Odpowiedz na pytania i uzupełnij tekst. 1. Electrolytic dissociation occurs under the influence (tu uzupełnij), 2. Ions with a positive charge (tu uzupełnij), 3. The creator of the theory of electrolytic dissociation (tu uzupełnij), 4. Sulfide anion is derived from hydrogen (tu uzupełnij), 5. Name of the phosphoric acid anion (tu uzupełnij).
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Exercise 3
Select the correct answer. Acids under the influence of water dissociate into: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. non-metallic cations and hydroxide anions., 2. hydrogen cations and hydroxide anions., 3. metal cations and hydroxide anions., 4. hydrogen cations and anions of the acid residue., 5. hydrogen cations and metal cations.
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Ułóż trzy pytania quizowe odnoszące się do abstraktu i daj je do rozwiązania swoim kolegom i koleżankom.

Summary

  • Aqueous solutions of acids conduct electricity, because ions are present in their solutions: hydronium cations and anions of acidic residues.

  • Hydronium cation is always single‑positive.

  • Not all electrolytes are disintegrating into ions equally.

  • Strong acids are completely dissociated, while in the weak acid solutions there are also undissociated molecules.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij). 6. Today I found out (uzupełnij). 7. I was interested in (uzupełnij). 8. I still have to repeat (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Homework
Task 5.1
Omów proces elektrolitycznej dysocjacji kwasu siarkowego.
Omów proces elektrolitycznej dysocjacji kwasu siarkowego.

Keywords

acids, electrolytic dissociation, ions, cation, anion, decomposition, oxoacids

Glossary

acids
acids
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

kwasy – (według teorii Arrheniusa) związki, które pod wpływem wody ulegają dysocjacji na kationy wodoru i aniony reszty kwasowej