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Family planning

Prospective parents, when deciding to conceive a child, should be prepared to perform one of the most important roles of their lives. It involves responsibility for the child from the moment of its conception. In order not to become parents by accident, it is worth consulting a gynecologist who will present methods of birth control. They are divided into natural and artificial ones. Natural methods are based on the observation of the woman's sexual cycle and the accompanying symptoms on the basis of which fertile and infertile days can be determined. These methods allow the woman to know how her body functions. However, the irregularity of cycles and factors such as illness, physical exertion, and stress can disrupt the functioning of the body, disturb the course of the cycle and change the date of ovulation. For these reasons, natural methods are unreliable.

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Ilustracja przedstawia zmiany temperatury ciała kobiety (niebieska linia z punktami) w czasie cyklu miesiączkowego. Od lewej na czerwonej linii u dołu podpisana miesiączka. W środku przerywana linia, oznaczająca owulację. Za nią liliowy łuk, symbolizujący poziom progesteronu w czasie od dziesięciu do szesnastu dni. Temperatura w tym czasie jest podwyższona. Na ilustracji są podpisy: owulacja, faza obniżonej temperatury, menstruacja, faza wyższej temperatury, progesteron, około 2 tygodnie (10-16 dni). Ilustracja pokazuje zmiany temperatury ciała (niebieska linia z punktami) podczas cyklu miesiączkowego. The illustration shows changes in body temperature (blue line with points) during the menstrual cycle. From the left on the red line at the bottom signed menstruation. In the middle, a dotted line, signifying ovulation. Behind her, a lilac bow, symbolizing the level of progesterone in ten to sixteen days. The temperature is elevated at this time. The captions are: ovulation, lower temperature phase, menstruation, higher temperature phase, progesterone, about 2 weeks (10-16 days).

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Znając długość poszczególnych cykli menstruacyjnych w ciągu ostatnich sześciu miesięcy, można obliczyć, w których dniach następnego cyklu prawdopodobieństwo zajścia w ciążę będzie najwyższe. Podpisano: menstruation; fertility period; ovulation; the longest cycle minus 11 days; the shortest cycle minus 18 days; high probabity of becoming pregnat in the next cycle. Knowing the length of individual menstrual cycles during the last six months, it is possible to calculate in which days of the next cycle the probability of becoming pregnant will be the highest.

When determining the days in which intercourse is likely to lead to pregnancy, the presence of a viable ovum and sperm life in the woman's reproductive tract should be considered. The ovum is capable of fertilization for 24‑48 hours. Sperm in female reproductive tracts lives for 3‑4 days. Therefore, fertilization may occur when sexual intercourse occurred up to 4 days before ovulation and up to 2 days after ovulation.

If ovulation falls on the 14th day of the cycle, then pregnancy can occur between the 10th and 16th day. In the case of irregular menstrual periods, the length of the shortest and longest cycle in the last six months is taken into account. 11 days are deducted from the longest cycle and 18 days from the shortest. The numbers obtained indicate the days of the cycle between which conception is very likely.

Artificial methods consist in applying measures that interfere with the functioning of a woman's body. They can change the course of the menstrual cycle, prevent sperm from entering the female genital tract, destroy sperm, impede fertilization or prevent the implantation of the embryo in the uterus. Studies show that the most effective are hormonal contraceptivescontraceptioncontraceptives. Their use should be under strict medical supervision, as they may cause side effects and various ailments, also outside the reproductive system.

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Fotografia przedstawia środki antykoncepcyjne. U góry z lewej 3 różowe, zwinięte prezerwatywy. Obok biała kształtka z nawiniętym miedzianym drucikiem, czyli spirala. W prawo 3 bladoróżowe plastry hormonalne. W centrum dwa blistry z tabletkami hormonalnymi. U dołu plastikowa strzykawka, symbolizująca zastrzyk hormonalny. The photograph shows contraceptives. At the top left 3 pink, rolled up condoms. Next to it is a white shape with a copper wire wound around it, ie a spiral. Right 3 pale pink hormonal patches. In the center two blisters with hormonal tablets. At the bottom, a plastic syringe, symbolizing a hormonal injection.

Summary

• Estrogens and progesterone affect the uterus, preparing it for embryo implantation.

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Homework

Task 2.1

Analyze the change in hormone levels in the woman's sexual cycle. Specify the date of ovulation. Determine if the egg cell has been fertilized in this cycle. Justify your answer with one argument.

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Schemat przedstawiający regulację hormonalną cyklu menstruacyjnego wskazujący na zapłodnienie komórki jajowej. Na schemacie są opisy: stężenie hormonów, dni cyklu, estrogeny, progesteron, FSH. Diagram showing the hormonal regulation of the menstrual cycle indicating the fertilization of an egg. The diagram includes descriptions of: hormone concentration, days of the cycle, estrogen, progesterone, FSH . Co to jest estrogen?

Keywords

methods of contraception, contraception, ovulation

Glossary