The universality of the genetic code
genetic information is encoded in DNA;
a gene is a DNA fragment.
distinguish between the terms „genetic code” and „genetic information”;
describe the genetic code.
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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu dotyczące uniwersalności kodu genetycznego
The genetic codegenetic code is universal, i.e. the same in all organisms. This means that codonscodons in all organisms encode the same amino acids. Knowing this, we can insert a human insulin gene into bacterial DNA to „force” the bacteria to produce the same protein as the one present in the human body. Similarly modified microorganisms are also used for the production of other proteins, e.g. growth hormone, blood clotting factors.
Organisms, whose genetic material was changed by foreign DNA, are called genetically modified organismsgenetically modified organisms. The English term is often abbreviated as GMOs.

A gene encoding the production of human growth hormone, which affects cartilage, was implanted into specially selected bacteria between genes conditioning their normal development. The bacteria were then placed on a nutrient medium. What will happen to them?
- The bacteria will soon die due to changes in their genetic material.
- The bacteria will develop normally and their cells will ignore the implanted human gene.
- The bacteria will develop normally and will additionally produce human growth hormone.
- The bacteria will grow as a result of the gene encoding the production of growth hormone.
What are consequences of the universality of the genetic code? Select all the correct answers.
- A specific codon is responsible for the production of the same amino acid in various organisms.
- By using natural replication mechanisms, DNA from one organism can be replicated in a cell of the other organism.
- A trait of a specific organism can be changed by implanting a gene from the other organism into it.
- One amino acid can be encoded by several different codons.
Group the names of substances produced by GMOs as appropriate.
growth hormone, fruit resistance inducers, insulin, attractive flower dyes, blood clotting factors, inducers of resistance to pesticides
| genetically modified bacteria | |
|---|---|
| genetically modified plants |
Summary
The genetic code is universal; genetic informationgenetic information is encoded in all organisms in the same way.
Keywords
GMOs, genetic code, universality of the genetic code
Glossary
informacja genetyczna – informacja o kolejności aminokwasów w białkach zakodowana w sekwencji nukleotydów DNA, mówiąca pośrednio o cechach organizmu; nośnikiem informacji genetycznej jest DNA
kod genetyczny – sposób zapisu informacji genetycznej w materiale genetycznym (DNA)
kodon – trójka kolejnych nukleotydów w sekwencji kwasu nukleinowego, kodująca jeden aminokwas
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka genetically modified organisms
organizmy modyfikowane genetycznie – z angielskiego GMO (genetically modified organisms); organizmy, których materiał genetyczny został sztucznie zmieniony w celu uzyskania u nich nowych cech