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The universality of the genetic code

Source: University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability, www.flickr.com, licencja: CC BY 2.0.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • genetic information is encoded in DNA;

  • a gene is a DNA fragment.

You will learn
  • distinguish between the terms „genetic code” and „genetic information”;

  • describe the genetic code.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu dotyczące uniwersalności kodu genetycznego

The genetic codegenetic codegenetic code is universal, i.e. the same in all organisms. This means that codonscodoncodons in all organisms encode the same amino acids. Knowing this, we can insert a human insulin gene into bacterial DNA to „force” the bacteria to produce the same protein as the one present in the human body. Similarly modified microorganisms are also used for the production of other proteins, e.g. growth hormone, blood clotting factors.

Organisms, whose genetic material was changed by foreign DNA, are called genetically modified organismsgenetically modified organismsgenetically modified organisms. The English term is often abbreviated as GMOs.

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Industrial insulin production involving bacteria
Source: Julphar.uae, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0, [online], dostępny w internecie: https://unsplash.com/.
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Ilustracja przedstawia cztery obrazki. 1. Zdjęcie przedstawia potomostwo donkey stallion oraz horse mare, czyli muła, mule. Mules have been known to humans for several thousand years. Owing to their high physical strength, resistance to adverse environmental conditions and calm nature, mules were commonly bred in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Anatolia as pack animals. Already in those days, cross-breeding was criticised for being against nature. 2. Zdjęcie przedstawia krzyżówkę genetyczną bratka ogrodowego, garden pansy. Trzykolorowy bratek, three-color violet skrzyżowany z żółtym fiołkiem, vials oraz z niebieskim kwiatem Altai, violet Altai dadzą kawiat o ubarwieniu dwóch liści na fioletowo, trzech liści na fioletowo – biało, z fioletowymi przebarwieniami. Loved by many people, garden pansies are a crossbreed of three wild growing species of violets. They bloom profusely, tolerate partial shade well and can be found in numerous varieties differing in petal colours and patterns. Despite being an interspecies hybrid (not the only one among ornamental plants), they do not evoke any negative emotions. 3. Zdjęcie przedstawia niebieską różę, blue rose. Work on blue roses has been ongoing for years. To this end, genes encoding blue dyes are implanted in roses from other plants. Although the colours obtained still deviate from the expected ones, they are attractive enough. 4. Zdjęcie przedstawia genetycznie zmodyfikowane warzywa, genetically modified plants, pomidory, kukurydzę i ziemniaki. They usually have higher yields than unmodified varieties, they are more resistant to numerous diseases, adverse environmental conditions and pesticides. Despite many advantages, they are criticised by some circles.
Universal language of living nature
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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Exercise 1
A gene encoding the production of human growth hormone, which affects cartilage, was implanted into specially selected bacteria between genes conditioning their normal development. The bacteria were then placed on a nutrient medium. What will happen to them? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The bacteria will soon die due to changes in their genetic material., 2. The bacteria will develop normally and their cells will ignore the implanted human gene., 3. The bacteria will develop normally and will additionally produce human growth hormone., 4. The bacteria will grow as a result of the gene encoding the production of growth hormone.
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Exercise 2
What are consequences of the universality of the genetic code? Select all the correct answers. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. A specific codon is responsible for the production of the same amino acid in various organisms., 2. By using natural replication mechanisms, DNA from one organism can be replicated in a cell of the other organism., 3. A trait of a specific organism can be changed by implanting a gene from the other organism into it., 4. One amino acid can be encoded by several different codons.
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Exercise 3
Group the names of substances produced by GMOs as appropriate. genetically modified bacteria Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. insulin, 2. inducers of resistance to pesticides, 3. blood clotting factors, 4. growth hormone, 5. fruit resistance inducers, 6. attractive flower dyes. genetically modified plants Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. insulin, 2. inducers of resistance to pesticides, 3. blood clotting factors, 4. growth hormone, 5. fruit resistance inducers, 6. attractive flower dyes
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Exercise 4
Wysłuchaj nagrania abstraktu i zastanów się, czego jeszcze chciałbyś się dowiedzieć w związku z tematem lekcji.
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Summary

  • The genetic code is universal; genetic informationgenetic informationgenetic information is encoded in all organisms in the same way.

Keywords

GMOs, genetic code, universality of the genetic code

Glossary

genetic information
genetic information
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka genetic information

informacja genetyczna – informacja o kolejności aminokwasów w białkach zakodowana w sekwencji nukleotydów DNA, mówiąca pośrednio o cechach organizmu; nośnikiem informacji genetycznej jest DNA

genetic code
genetic code
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka genetic code

kod genetyczny – sposób zapisu informacji genetycznej w materiale genetycznym (DNA)

codon
codon
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka codon

kodon – trójka kolejnych nukleotydów w sekwencji kwasu nukleinowego, kodująca jeden aminokwas

genetically modified organisms
genetically modified organisms
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka genetically modified organisms

organizmy modyfikowane genetycznie – z angielskiego GMO (genetically modified organisms); organizmy, których materiał genetyczny został sztucznie zmieniony w celu uzyskania u nich nowych cech