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The Big Bang theory and stages of the development of the Universe

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Teoria Wielkiego Wybuchu i etapy rozwoju Wszechświata

You will learn
  • to describe the Big Bang theory.

Before you start, do the following.

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  • Recall Hubble's law regarding the escape of galaxies.

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One of the most widespread theories describing the origin and developmentdevelopmentdevelopment of our Universe is the Big BangBig BangBig Bang theory. According to it, the origin of the Universe took place at one point with infinite density and temperature. This is the point where the laws of physics known to us did not function, as well as the notions of time and space.

At first it was assumed that the Universe is static, but Hubble observed that all distant galaxies are moving away from us and that the faster they are further away.

The Big Bang theory describes the evolution of the universe from its beginning to the present, assuming it is expanding all the time.

Cosmology
Definition: Cosmology
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CosmologycosmologyCosmology is a science that deals with the structure and evolution of the Universe.

In the evolution of the Universe, the following cosmological epochs are distinguished.
Planck epochepochepoch (duration: 0 to 10Indeks górny -43 s)
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The first phase of the developmentdevelopmentdevelopment of the early Universe is called Planck epoch. It covered the time from 0 to 10Indeks górny -43 s. It is assumed that very high temperatures of the order of 10Indeks górny 32 K prevailed. We cannot yet describe what this state was or what processes occurred in it.

Hadronic epoch (duration: 10Indeks górny -43 to 10Indeks górny -32 s)
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The period between 10Indeks górny -43 s and 10Indeks górny -32 s is the time in which the size of the Universe has increased 10Indeks górny 20 - 10Indeks górny 26 times - this period is called the inflationary epochepochepoch. At the end of this stage, the Universe's space consisted of a hot and dense mixture of quarks, antiquarks and gluons as well as photons, electrons and positrons. The prevailing temperature is slightly lower - of the order of 10Indeks górny 27 to 10Indeks górny 28 K.

Hadrons
Definition: Hadrons
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HadronshadronsHadrons is a strong interacting elementary particles made of quarks and gluons. These include, for example, proton and neutron.

Lepton epoch (duration: 10Indeks górny -4 to 10 s)
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The next stage was the merging of quarks into protons and neutrons, and when the Universe existed one second, and its temperature dropped to 5 billion Kelvin, there were processes of annihilation of electrons and positrons (after contact of electron and positron both particles disappear, and instead two photons of gamma radiation appear), as a result of which the number of photons increased.

Leptons
Definition: Leptons
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LeptonsleptonsLeptons is light elementary particles which include 6 particles and 6 corresponding neutrinos. Each of them has its own antiparticle. These are: electron, mion, tau, electron neutrinoneutrinoneutrino, mion neutrino, tau neutrino and corresponding antiparticles: positron (antielectron), antimion, antitau and antineutrinos.

Radiation epoch (duration: 10 s to approx. 100 million years)
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The era of nucleosynthesis began - atomic nuclei of deuterium, tritium, and helium were created. It lasted about 4 minutes and it was at that time that the composition of the Universe was established (about 75% of protons and 24% of helium nuclei). Then the heavy nuclei could no longer be formed, because the temperature became too low for the helium nuclei to undergo fusion reactions and form heavier nuclei.

The further expansion of the Universe led to a decrease of temperature - protons and helium nuclei could be combined with electrons into neutral hydrogen and helium atoms. Radiation was then created which at the moment we observe as a relic radiation - cosmic microwave background radiation.

Galactic epoch (duration: 100 million years - up to now / probably 13,7 billion years)
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The era of the formation of stars took place (about 100 million years), which then began to merge into galaxies (about 500 million years). The Sun and the Solar System were created around 4,6 billion years ago.

The average temperature in space is T = 2,725 K.

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Na ilustracji interaktywnej przedstawiona jest artystyczna wizja Wielkiego Wybuchu. Na czarnym tle widnieje kształt dzwonu obróconego na bok, rozpoczynający się jasnym punktem oznaczonym numerem 1, z którego wychodzą promienie symbolizujące Wielki Wybuch. Zaczynający się w tym punkcie „dzwon” gwałtownie się rozszerza na boki, a później następuje jego wydłużenie. Wnętrze dzwonu wypełnione jest punktami symbolizującymi kolejno powstawanie pierwszych gwiazd, a następnie tworzenie się większych struktur, od lewej: Quantum Fluctuations, Inflation, Afterglow Light Pattern 375000 yrs., Dark Ages, !st Stars about 400 million yrs., Development of Galaxies, Planets, etc., Dark Energy Accelerated Expansion. Dzwon z prawej strony jest otwarty, sugerujący dalsze rozszerzanie się Wszechświata. Długość dzwonu opisana 13.77 billion years, oznaczona numerem 2. Na ilustracji widoczne są numery, a na nich podpisy. 1. Big Bang {audio}, 2. Big Bang Expansion {audio}.
Evolution of the Universe
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Remember
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  • The Big BangBig BangBig Bang theory describes a possible scenario of the creation of the Universe.

  • The astronomical observations confirm the expansion of the Universe and allow determining its age.

  • The current state of knowledge, however, does not allow us to find an unambiguous answer to what the absolute beginning of the Universe looked like.

Exercises

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Exercise 1
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The Solar System was created over 10 billion years ago., 2. The Universe is expanding all the time., 3. Observed relic radiation is not a proof of the Big Bang theory., 4. Time and space were created at the time of the Big Bang.
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 2

Search for information in available sources and make a note about the relic radiation.

Exercise 3

Describe in English the individual stages of the Universe's development predicted by the Big Bang theory.

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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Wielki Wybuch - Big Bang, 2. inflacja - inflation, 3. hadrony - hadrons, 4. kosmologia - development, 5. rozwój - quark
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

Big Bang
Big Bang

Wielki Wybuch

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wymowa w języku angielskim: Big Bang
cosmology
cosmology

kosmologia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: cosmology
development
development

rozwój

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wymowa w języku angielskim: development
epoch
epoch

era

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wymowa w języku angielskim: epoch
gluon
gluon

gluon

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wymowa w języku angielskim: gluon
hadrons
hadrons

hadrony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: hadrons
inflation
inflation

inflacja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: inflation
leptons
leptons

leptony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: leptons
neutrino
neutrino

neutrino

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wymowa w języku angielskim: neutrino
quark
quark

kwark

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wymowa w języku angielskim: quark

Keywords

Big BangBig BangBig Bang

epochepochepoch

hadronshadronshadrons

inflationinflationinflation

leptonsleptonsleptons