The Big Bang theory and stages of the development of the Universe
Teoria Wielkiego Wybuchu i etapy rozwoju Wszechświata
to describe the Big Bang theory.
Before you start, do the following.
Recall Hubble's law regarding the escape of galaxies.
One of the most widespread theories describing the origin and developmentdevelopment of our Universe is the Big BangBig Bang theory. According to it, the origin of the Universe took place at one point with infinite density and temperature. This is the point where the laws of physics known to us did not function, as well as the notions of time and space.
At first it was assumed that the Universe is static, but Hubble observed that all distant galaxies are moving away from us and that the faster they are further away.
The Big Bang theory describes the evolution of the universe from its beginning to the present, assuming it is expanding all the time.
CosmologyCosmology is a science that deals with the structure and evolution of the Universe.
In the evolution of the Universe, the following cosmological epochs are distinguished.
Planck epochepoch (duration: 0 to 10Indeks górny -43-43 s)
The first phase of the developmentdevelopment of the early Universe is called Planck epoch. It covered the time from 0 to 10Indeks górny -43-43 s. It is assumed that very high temperatures of the order of 10Indeks górny 3232 K prevailed. We cannot yet describe what this state was or what processes occurred in it.
Hadronic epoch (duration: 10Indeks górny -43-43 to 10Indeks górny -32-32 s)
The period between 10Indeks górny -43-43 s and 10Indeks górny -32-32 s is the time in which the size of the Universe has increased 10Indeks górny 2020 - 10Indeks górny 2626 times - this period is called the inflationary epochepoch. At the end of this stage, the Universe's space consisted of a hot and dense mixture of quarks, antiquarks and gluons as well as photons, electrons and positrons. The prevailing temperature is slightly lower - of the order of 10Indeks górny 2727 to 10Indeks górny 2828 K.
HadronsHadrons is a strong interacting elementary particles made of quarks and gluons. These include, for example, proton and neutron.
Lepton epoch (duration: 10Indeks górny -4-4 to 10 s)
The next stage was the merging of quarks into protons and neutrons, and when the Universe existed one second, and its temperature dropped to 5 billion Kelvin, there were processes of annihilation of electrons and positrons (after contact of electron and positron both particles disappear, and instead two photons of gamma radiation appear), as a result of which the number of photons increased.
LeptonsLeptons is light elementary particles which include 6 particles and 6 corresponding neutrinos. Each of them has its own antiparticle. These are: electron, mion, tau, electron neutrinoneutrino, mion neutrino, tau neutrino and corresponding antiparticles: positron (antielectron), antimion, antitau and antineutrinos.
Radiation epoch (duration: 10 s to approx. 100 million years)
The era of nucleosynthesis began - atomic nuclei of deuterium, tritium, and helium were created. It lasted about 4 minutes and it was at that time that the composition of the Universe was established (about 75% of protons and 24% of helium nuclei). Then the heavy nuclei could no longer be formed, because the temperature became too low for the helium nuclei to undergo fusion reactions and form heavier nuclei.
The further expansion of the Universe led to a decrease of temperature - protons and helium nuclei could be combined with electrons into neutral hydrogen and helium atoms. Radiation was then created which at the moment we observe as a relic radiation - cosmic microwave background radiation.
Galactic epoch (duration: 100 million years - up to now / probably 13,7 billion years)
The era of the formation of stars took place (about 100 million years), which then began to merge into galaxies (about 500 million years). The Sun and the Solar System were created around 4,6 billion years ago.
The average temperature in space is T = 2,725 K.
Remember
The Big BangBig Bang theory describes a possible scenario of the creation of the Universe.
The astronomical observations confirm the expansion of the Universe and allow determining its age.
The current state of knowledge, however, does not allow us to find an unambiguous answer to what the absolute beginning of the Universe looked like.
Exercises
Determine which sentences are true.
- The Solar System was created over 10 billion years ago.
- The Universe is expanding all the time.
- Observed relic radiation is not a proof of the Big Bang theory.
- Time and space were created at the time of the Big Bang.
Search for information in available sources and make a note about the relic radiation.
Describe in English the individual stages of the Universe's development predicted by the Big Bang theory.
Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly.
- Wielki Wybuch - Big Bang
- inflacja - inflation
- hadrony - hadrons
- kosmologia - development
- rozwój - quark
- inflacja
- hadrony
- Wielki Wybuch
- Big Bang
- epoch
- leptony
- leptons
- inflation
- era
- hadrons
Glossary
Wielki Wybuch
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wymowa w języku angielskim: Big Bang
kosmologia
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wymowa w języku angielskim: cosmology
rozwój
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wymowa w języku angielskim: development
era
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wymowa w języku angielskim: epoch
gluon
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wymowa w języku angielskim: gluon
hadrony
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wymowa w języku angielskim: hadrons
inflacja
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wymowa w języku angielskim: inflation
leptony
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wymowa w języku angielskim: leptons
neutrino
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wymowa w języku angielskim: neutrino
kwark
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wymowa w języku angielskim: quark
Keywords
Big BangBig Bang
epochepoch
hadronshadrons
inflationinflation
leptonsleptons