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Carboxylic acids – properties

Source: https://pixabay.com/, domena publiczna.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • what the structure of carboxylic acids' molecules is;

  • how to draw structural formulas for carboxylic acids;

  • how to create the names of acids.

You will learn
  • to write chemical equations for the dissociation reaction of carboxylic acids;

  • to write chemical equations for the reaction of obtaining carboxylic acids' salts.

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nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu
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An example of vinegar label
Source: Dariusz Adryan, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Physical properties of acetic acid

VinegarvinegarVinegar is used in the kitchen as a condiment or food preservative. Surely you know its sour taste. The label tells us that vinegar is a 10% aqueous solution of acetic acid. Anhydrous acetic acid at temperatures below 16°C takes the form of colourless mass. It looks like ice – hence the name glacial acid. Acetic acidAcetic acidAcetic acid, as a product of sour wine, has accompanied man since ancient times.

Test of the physical properties of acetic acid
Experiment 1
Research problem

Is acetic acid soluble in water?

Design your own experiment.

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Before you do an experiment, formulate a hypothesis and an instruction. Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Instruction (Uzupełnij).

Now compare your experiment with the description below.

Hypothesis

Acetic acid is a liquid soluble in water.

You will need
  • test tubes

  • pipettes

  • test tube stand

  • ethanoic acidethanoic acidethanoic acid (acetic acid)

  • water

Instruction
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Tube with marked water and acid levels.
Source: Dariusz Adryan, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
  1. Pour approx. 3 cmIndeks górny 3 of acetic acid into a test tube.

  2. Determine the state of aggregation and colour of acetic acid.

  3. Carefully, add approx. 3 cmIndeks górny 3 of water into the tube.

  4. Mark the level of the liquid in the tube.

  5. Shake the contents.

  6. Check whether acetic acid dissolves in water.

  7. Observe whether the level of liquid has decreased after mixing.

Summary
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Observations (Uzupełnij). Conclusions (Uzupełnij).

Chemical properties of acetic acid

Testing acetic acid, we will answer the following questions: What are the chemical properties of lower carboxylic acids? Do they react with metals and their oxides like inorganic acids? What effect does the presence of the carboxylic group have on their reaction? Do indicators in aqueous solutions of organic acids change colour just like in aqueous solutions of inorganic acids?

What properties of acetic acid can we read from pictograms?

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Source: Krzysztof Jaworski, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Pictograms tell us that concentrated acetic acid is a flammable substance. It causes skin and eye burns. Due to the dangers, no concentrated acetic acid solution is stored in the school's chemical workshop. For experiments, we use only an acetic acid solution whose concentration does not exceed 10%.

The odour of acetic acid

Acetic acid is easily recognizable by its sharp, characteristic odour. This is why we should try to close the acid bottle quickly and tightly.

Reaction of acetic acid with metals and metals oxides

Write down the hypothesis and instructions for each experiment. Write down observations and conclusions. After completing the experiments, watch the video.

Effect of acetic acid on magnesium
Experiment 2
Research problem

Does acetic acid react with metals?

Design your own experiment.

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Before you do an experiment, formulate a hypothesis and an instruction. Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Instruction (Uzupełnij) Now compare your experiment with the description below.
Hypothesis

Acetic acid reacts with magnesium just like inorganic acids.
Hydrogen is released during the reaction of acetic acid with magnesium.

You will need
  • aqueous solution of acetic acid,

  • magnesium turnings,

  • test tube.

Instruction
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In the test tube you can observe the reaction of magnesium with acetic acid.
Source: Dariusz Adryan, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
  1. Pour approx. 3 cmIndeks górny 3 of the aqueous solution of acetic acid into the test tube.

  2. Put a small amount of magnesium turnings in the tube.

  3. Observe the changes that occur.

  4. Bring a burning torch close to the tube's outlet.

  5. Pay attention to the sound effects of the reaction.

Summary
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Write down your observations and conclusions. Observations (Uzupełnij). Conclusions (Uzupełnij).

2CH3COOH + Mg → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2

acetic acid + magnesium  magnesium acetate (magnesium ethanoate ) + hydrogen

Effect of acetic acid on copper(II) oxide
Experiment 3
Research problem

Does acetic acid react with the oxides of metals?

Design your own experiment.

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Before you do an experiment, formulate a hypothesis and an instruction. Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Instruction (Uzupełnij) Now compare your experiment with the description below.
Hypothesis

Acetic acid reacts with copper(II) oxide in the same way as inorganic acids.

You will need
  • aqueous solution of acetic acid,

  • copper(II) oxide,

  • test tube,

  • burner.

Instruction
  1. Pour approx. 3 cmIndeks górny 3 of the aqueous solution of acetic acid into the test tube.

  2. Put some copper(II) oxide in the test tube.

  3. Slightly heat the tube.

  4. Pay attention to changes in the reagents' colour.

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Test tube with a light blue substance. The effect of combining copper oxide with acetic acid.
Source: Tomorrow Sp.z o.o., licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Summary
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Write down your observations and conclusions. Observations (Uzupełnij). Conclusions (Uzupełnij).

2CH3COOH + CuO → (CH3COO)2Cu + H2O

acetic acid + copper(II) oxide → copper(II) acetate (copper(II) ethanoate) + water

Watch the video and look how the two experiments took place.

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Film pokazuje eksperyment – działanie kwasu etanowego na metal i tlenek metalu, the effects of ethanoic acid on magnesium and on copper two oxide. Będziesz potrzebować: kwas etanowy, wiórki magnezu, tlenek miedzi dwa, probówki, pipetę. Do probówki dodajemy pipetą kilka kropli kwasu etanowego. Następnie dodajemy kilka wiórek magnezu. Wiórki zaczynają się roztwarzać, pojawiają się bąbelki. Do kolejnej probówki z kwasem etanowym dodajemy tlenek miedzi dwa. Rozwór zmienia barwę z przezroczystej na niebieską.

Properties of formic acid

Methanoic acid HCOOH, commonly known as formic acidformic acidformic acid, is a representative of carboxylic acids. The substance is liquid, colorless, has a strong odor and is well soluble in water.

What properties of formic acid can we read from the pictogram?

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Source: Dariusz Adryan, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

It causes severe skin burns and eye damage. It is volatile and its vapors irritate the mucous membranes.

Aqueous solutions of acetic and formic acids are electrically conductive and produce a red coloring of the red cabbage juice. Thus, the electrolytic dissociation reaction takes place:

HCOOH H2O HCOO- + H+

formic acid → anion of acid radicals (formic) + hydrogen cation

The salts of formic acid are called formates. They are produced by the reaction of formic acid with metals, metal oxidesmetal oxidemetal oxides and hydroxides:

2HCOOH 2Na → 2HCOONa + H2

formic acid + sodium → sodium formate (sodium methanoate) + hydrogen

2HCOOH CuO → (HCOO)2Cu + H2O

formic acid + copper(II) oxide → copper(II) formate (copper(II) methanoate) + water

2HCOOH Ca(OH)→ (HCOO)2Ca + 2H2O

formic acid + calcium hydroxide → calcium formate (calcium methanoate) + water

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Exercise 1
Complete the chemical reaction. Dostępne opcje do wyboru: em gie, ha dwa, ce a o ha dwa razy wzięte, ha dwa o, a el dwa o trzy, 2. Pierwsza reakcja: ha ce o o ha dodać tu uzupełnij strzałka w prawo ha ce o o dwa em gie dodać tu uzupełnij. Druga reakcja: dwa ha ce o o ha dodać tu uzupełnij strzałka w prawo ha ce o o dwa ce a dodać tu uzupełnij. Trzecia reakcja: tu uzupełnij dodać sześć ha ce o o ha strzałka w prawo tu uzupełnij ha ce o o trzy a el dodać sześć ha dwa o
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Exercise 2
Match the terms with definitions. vinegar Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. aqueous solution of acetic acid – product of spirit's fermentation, 2. a. six percent or ten percent aqueous solution of acetic acid; on store shelves we can find several types of vinegar (apple, wine, spirit) spirit vinegar Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. aqueous solution of acetic acid – product of spirit's fermentation, 2. a six percent or ten percent aqueous solution of acetic acid; on store shelves we can find several types of vinegar (apple, wine, spirit)

Summary

  • Pure acetic acid is a colourless, corrosive liquid. It is hygroscopic (it absorbs moisture from the air).

  • At temperatures below 16°C, it forms crystals that resemble ice in appearance. It is also called glacial acetic acid.

  • Acetic and formic acids dissolve well in water.

  • The reaction of aqueous solutions of carboxylic acids that have short carbon chains, and the electrical conductivity, are evidence of electrolytic dissociation.

  • Carboxylic acids react with hydroxides, metals and metal oxides, to form salts.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij). 6. Today I found out (uzupełnij). 7. I was interested in (uzupełnij). 8. I still have to repeat (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Homework
Task 1.1

Explain if you can distinguish acetic acid from ethyl alcohol based on the pH value of the aqueous solutions?

Keywords

carboxylic acid, acetic acid, ethanoic acid, metal oxide

Glossary

vinegar
vinegar
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka 

ocet – 6‑procentowy lub 10‑procentowy wodny roztwór kwasu octowego; na półkach sklepowych możemy znaleźć kilka rodzajów octu (jabłkowy, winny, spirytusowy)

spirit vinegar
spirit vinegar
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka 

ocet spirytusowy – wodny roztwór kwasu octowego – produkt fermentacji spirytusu

ethanoic acid
ethanoic acid
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka 

kwas octowy CHIndeks dolny 3COOH – organiczny związek chemiczny z grupy kwasów karboksylowych.

acetic acid
acetic acid
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka 

kwas octowy – inna nazwa kwasu octowego

metal oxide
metal oxide
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka 

tlenek metalu

formic acid
formic acid
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka 

kwas mrówkowy HCOOH – organiczny związek chemiczny, najprostszy kwas karboksylowy.