Topicm779f057dedcc5641_1528449000663_0Topic

Revising the knowledge about the vibrating motion and waves

Levelm779f057dedcc5641_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm779f057dedcc5641_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

VIII. Vibrating motion and waves. The student:

4) describes the propagation of a mechanical wave as the process of energy transfer without the transfer of matter.

Timingm779f057dedcc5641_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm779f057dedcc5641_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Summary of the knowledge about vibrating and wave motion.

Key competencesm779f057dedcc5641_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Summary of the knowledge about the vibrating motion.

2. Summary of the knowledge about the wave motion.

3. Developing the skills of using the terms associated with the vibrating motion and waves.

Operational (detailed) goalsm779f057dedcc5641_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- uses the terms describing the vibrating motion,

- uses the terms describing the wave motion.

Methodsm779f057dedcc5641_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion (revising knowledge).

2. Problem lecture.

Forms of workm779f057dedcc5641_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Cooperation with the teacher during the revision lesson.

2. Work with the book.

Lesson stages

Introductionm779f057dedcc5641_1528450127855_0Introduction

Please prepare answers to the most important questions related to the oscillating and wave motion.

Procedurem779f057dedcc5641_1528446435040_0Procedure

1. What is the vibrating motion?

Vibrating motion is one of the most common types of movement. The body moves on the same track in both directions and the movement repeats in equal intervals of time.

2. Define the basic quantities describing the vibrating motion.

The time required to perform one full vibration is called the period of motion.

The number of vibrations made per the unit of time is the frequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrations. Frequency is the inverse quantity to the period:

f=1T

The unit of frequency is 1 Hz (hertz).

The amplitude of vibration - is the greatest displacement of the body from the equilibrium position.

3. What is the mathematical pendulumpendulumpendulum?

An example of a body performing vibrations is the mathematical pendulumpendulumpendulum. It is a very small (punctual) body suspended on a weightless and inextensible thread. The period of oscillation of the pendulum depends on its length. The longer the pendulumpendulumpendulum, the greater the period of vibrations (i.e. the lower the frequency).

4. What is natural frequency?

Natural frequency is the frequency with which the body vibrates knocking out the equilibrium position without any resistance.

5. Present on the graph the dependence of the displacement on time in the undamped and suppressed harmonic motion.

The dependence of the displacement on time can then be presented on the graph:

[Illustration 1]

In real conditions, when the resistance of the motion is present, the vibrations are dumped - the amplitude decreases with time.

[Illustration 2]

6. Describe the mechanical energy changes occurring during the harmonic oscillator motion.

The vibrating body has two kinds of energy: kinetic and potential energy of elasticity. During the vibrations there are cyclical mutual transformations of these energies.

The kinetic energy of the oscillating body is the greatest at the moment of the body passing through the equilibrium position (i.e. when it has the highest velocity) and equals zero at the moment of the biggest displacement.

The potential energy of the elasticity of the vibrating body is the greatest at the moment of the maximum displacement and equals zero at the moment when the body is passing through the equilibrium position.

If there were no resistance of the movement, the total mechanical energy (the sum of kinetic energy and the potential energy of elasticity) would be constant.

When there is the resistance force, the body loses its mechanical energy and the vibrations are dumped.

7. What is the mechanical wave and what is the propagation of the mechanical wave?

A mechanical wave is called a disturbance that propagates in matter. This disturbance is the vibrations of the particles of the medium. The particles of the medium do not move with the wave; they only vibrate around their balance positions and stimulate further particles to vibrate. Mechanical waves can propagate only in elastic media.

8. Define the basic quantities describing the propagating wave.

The wavelength, marked with the letter λ, is the distance over which the wave travels at the time when a given medium molecule does one full vibration. The time required for the particle to perform one full vibration is called the wave period.

The wave in a given medium propagates at a constant speed, which can be calculated with the following formula:

v=λT

Because T=1f, we can also write that v=λf.

The amplitude of the wave is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position of the particles of the medium in which the wave propagates.

9. Classify the waves according to the direction of wave propagationwave propagationwave propagation and the direction of vibrations.

We classify waves into longitudinal and transverse ones.

The transverse wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation.

The longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particles of the medium vibrate in the same direction as the wave propagationwave propagationwave propagation.

10. What is a sound?

Sound is a mechanical, longitudinal wave. It is usually a spherical wave and propagates in all directions. Because it is a mechanical wave, it cannot propagate in a vacuum. The speed of sound depends on the medium in which the wave propagates and is the largest in solids, the smallest in gases.

Bodies vibrating at the frequency of 16 Hz to 20000 Hz are the source of sounds. Strings (guitar, piano), diaphragms (drums) or air columns (flute, organ) can produce vibrations in musical instruments.

11. List and describe the properties of the sound.

Individual sounds differ in timbre, volume and altitude.

The timbre depends on kind of the sound source.

The pitch of the sound depends on its frequency - the higher the frequency, the higher the sound.

The volume depends on the amplitude - the higher the amplitude of the wave, the louder the sound. We measure sound intensity in decibels [dB]. 0 dB is called audibility threshold, 120 dB is called pain threshold.

12. What is echo and reverbreverbreverb?

Echo and reverb are phenomena related to sound propagation and its reflectionreflectionreflection. The sound after the reflectionreflectionreflection from the barrier returns to the source and if the delay between the wave sent and reflected is large enough, we hear an echo; if it is small, we hear reverbreverbreverb.

13. What are ultrasoundsultrasoundsultrasounds and infrasounds?

Waves with frequencies below 16 Hz are called infrasounds and, respectively, those above 20000 Hz are called ultrasounds. Ultrasounds are used in many technologies including medicine, echolocation, defectoscopy, cosmetic procedures, etc. Many animals hear ultrasounds.m779f057dedcc5641_1527752263647_0Waves with frequencies below 16 Hz are called infrasounds and, respectively, those above 20000 Hz are called ultrasounds. Ultrasounds are used in many technologies including medicine, echolocation, defectoscopy, cosmetic procedures, etc. Many animals hear ultrasounds.

[Illustration interacitve]

Lesson summarym779f057dedcc5641_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

Vibrating motion is one of the most common types of movement.

The time required to perform one full vibration is called the period of motion.

The number of vibrations made per the unit of time is the frequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrations. Frequency is the inverse quantity to the period:

f=1T

The unit of frequency is 1 Hz (hertz).

An example of a body performing vibrations is the mathematical. It is a very small (punctual) body suspended on a weightless and inextensible thread. The period of oscillation of the pendulum depends on its length. The longer the, the greater the period of vibrations (i.e. the lower the frequency).

A mechanical wave is called a disturbance that propagates in matter. This disturbance is the vibrations of the particles of the medium. The particles of the medium do not move with the wave; they only vibrate around their balance positions and stimulate further particles to vibrate. Mechanical waves can propagate only in elastic media.

Sound is a mechanical, longitudinal wave. It is usually a spherical wave and propagates in all directions. Because it is a mechanical wave, it cannot propagate in a vacuum. The speed of sound depends on the medium in which the wave propagates and is the largest in solids, the smallest in gases. Individual sounds differ in timbre, volume and altitude.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

frequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrationsfrequency of vibrations

harmonic oscillationsharmonic oscillationsharmonic oscillations

harmonic waveharmonic waveharmonic wave

infrasoundinfrasoundinfrasound

pendulumpendulumpendulum

reflectionreflectionreflection

reverbreverbreverb

ultrasoundsultrasoundsultrasounds

vibration periodvibration periodvibration period

wave propagationwave propagationwave propagation

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frequency of vibrations1
frequency of vibrations

częstotliwość drgań

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pendulum1
pendulum

wahadło

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wave propagation1
wave propagation

propagacja fali

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reverb1
reverb

pogłos

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reflection1
reflection

odbicie

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ultrasounds1
ultrasounds

ultradźwięki

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harmonic oscillations1
harmonic oscillations

drgania harmoniczne

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vibration period1
vibration period

okres drgań

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harmonic wave1
harmonic wave

fala harmoniczna

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infrasound1
infrasound

infradźwięki

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