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Covalent bonds

Source: domena publiczna.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • that chemical elements may bond with each other;

  • what chemical compounds are;

  • how to determine valence electrons in atoms of some chemical elements.

You will learn
  • to describe covalent (atomic) bond;

  • to explain what a molecule is;

  • to describe the structure of certain molecules.

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nagarnie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Noble gases

Non‑metallic elements in the 18th group or family of the periodic table – helium‑group gases also known as noble gases – exhibit the lowest activity. Under regular conditions helium‑group gases do not form molecules and only some of them may create chemical compounds that are relatively unstable. It turns out that the electron configuration of atoms of these noble gases is fixed. While bonding with each other, most atoms of chemical elements strive to attain electron configuration of the helium‑group gas which is closest to them in the period table. For example, hydrogen atoms aim at electron configuration of helium and chlorine atoms aim at configuration of argon.

Atoms and types of electrons

Atoms can bond both with atoms of the same chemical element and with atoms of other chemical elements. The interaction between atoms which makes them bond permanently is called a chemical bond. Valence electrons are involved in bond formation.

Electron dot diagrams are used while describing chemical bond. If there are pairs of electrons present, sometimes they are represented as lines. Such diagrams are known as electron dot diagrams. The table shows discussed electron formulas of certain atoms.

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Electron formulas of exemplary atoms of elements

Hydrogen is a chemical element the atoms of which are not free but they are always bonded in pairs using a chemical bond. Hydrogen atoms share 1 electron. It is believed that they share electrons called shared pairs or bonding pairs. Using symbols a bond formed by 2 hydrogen atoms can be represented as H : H. As the electrons are shared each hydrogen atom gains electron configuration (number of electron) of the noble gas closest in the period table. In this case it is the electron configuration of helium (2 electrons).

This bond between two hydrogen atoms formed using a shared pair of electrons is an example of a bond called covalent bondcovalent bond (atomic bond)covalent bond or atomic bondcovalent bond (atomic bond)atomic bond. This binding consists in sharing electrons and forming the so‑called bonding pairs of electrons which are equally shared by both atoms. Such covalent bonds are formed between atoms of the same non‑metallic element.

Task 1

Watch the presentation and note the most important information. Then develop a definition of a “covalent bonds”.

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Nagranie audio prezentujące wiązania kowalencyjne.
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A covalent bond is (Uzupełnij).

What happens when atoms bond with each other?

Structures created when atoms bond with each other using covalent (atomic) bonds are called molecules. Two hydrogen atoms sharing one pair of electrons are called hydrogen molecules and two chlorine atoms bonded form a chlorine molecule.

The structure of each molecule can be described using a formula. A formula consists of symbols of elements the atoms making up a molecule and a number of atoms forming a molecule written after the symbol of the element (in the lower right index). Such formula created in line with these principles is called a molecular formulamolecular formulamolecular formula.

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Description of hydrogen and chloride molecules

Hydrogen or chlorine are found in elemental state and they occur in form of diatomic molecules as gases. That is why in order to describe these gases using symbols we always use the following formulas: Cl2, H2.

What is the structure of a nitrogen molecule?

Atoms of non‑metallic elements can share more than 1 pair of electrons.

A nitrogen molecule made up of two atoms of nitrogen is a good example. The nitrogen atom has five valence electrons, and it needs three electrons to achieve a permanent configuration. That is why each atom shares three electrons. What will its electron formula look like?

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Write the electron formula for the nitrogen molecule.

There are three bonding pairs of electrons between nitrogen atoms. Such bond is called a triple bondtriple bondtriple bond. Molecular formula of a nitrogen molecule is as follows: N2.

The triple bond contains a maximum number of bonds that can be formed between atoms. In nature, there are no chemical compounds with more than three bonds.

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Nitrogen molecule
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Exercise 1
Match the terms and definitions. valence electrons Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. electrons that participate in forming chemical bonds, 2. a formula that shows the number and type of atoms in given molecule of an element or chemical compound, 3. bonds in which 1, 2 or a maximally 3 pairs of electrons are shared by bonding atoms, 4. a formula in which pairs of electrons are represented with dots, 5. a bond that is formed by three shared pair of electrons covalent bonds Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. electrons that participate in forming chemical bonds, 2. a formula that shows the number and type of atoms in given molecule of an element or chemical compound, 3. bonds in which 1, 2 or a maximally 3 pairs of electrons are shared by bonding atoms, 4. a formula in which pairs of electrons are represented with dots, 5. a bond that is formed by three shared pair of electrons molecular formula Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. electrons that participate in forming chemical bonds, 2. a formula that shows the number and type of atoms in given molecule of an element or chemical compound, 3. bonds in which 1, 2 or a maximally 3 pairs of electrons are shared by bonding atoms, 4. a formula in which pairs of electrons are represented with dots, 5. a bond that is formed by three shared pair of electrons triple bond Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. electrons that participate in forming chemical bonds, 2. a formula that shows the number and type of atoms in given molecule of an element or chemical compound, 3. bonds in which 1, 2 or a maximally 3 pairs of electrons are shared by bonding atoms, 4. a formula in which pairs of electrons are represented with dots, 5. a bond that is formed by three shared pair of electrons electron dot diagram Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. electrons that participate in forming chemical bonds, 2. a formula that shows the number and type of atoms in given molecule of an element or chemical compound, 3. bonds in which 1, 2 or a maximally 3 pairs of electrons are shared by bonding atoms, 4. a formula in which pairs of electrons are represented with dots, 5. a bond that is formed by three shared pair of electrons

Summary

  • Atoms are bonded with each other with a chemical bond.

  • When atoms are bonded with a covalent (atomic) bond, they share 1, 2 or a maximally 3 pairs of electrons.

  • Each chemical element, if possible, strives to attain electron configuration of the noble gas closest in the periodic table.

  • Atoms of non‑metallic elements form covalent bonds.

  • Molecules are formed of atoms bonded with a covalent (atomic) bond.

  • Atoms of: Cl2, H2, N2 form covalent (atomic) bonds and their bonding pairs of electrons are equally shared by both atoms in the molecule.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Keywords

covalent bond, atomic bond, molecule, atom, molecular formula, electron formula

Glossary

covalent bond (atomic bond)
covalent bond (atomic bond)
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wiązanie kowalencyjne (wiązanie atomowe) – rodzaj wiązania chemicznego, które polega na tworzeniu wspólnych par elektronowych (maksymalnie trzech)

polarized covalent bond (polarized atomic bond)
polarized covalent bond (polarized atomic bond)
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wiązanie kowalencyjne spolaryzowane (wiązanie atomowe spolaryzowane) – wiązanie chemiczne polegające na tworzeniu wspólnych par elektronowych (maksymalnie trzech), które są przesunięte w kierunku atomu silniej przyciągającego elektrony

molecular formula
molecular formula
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wzór sumaryczny – wzór przedstawiający liczbę i rodzaj atomów wchodzących w skład najmniejszej struktury zbudowanej z atomów połączonych ze sobą za pomocą wiązań chemicznych, np. wzór cząsteczki

single bond
single bond
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wiązanie pojedyncze – wiązanie utworzone przez jedną wspólną parę elektronową

double bond
double bond
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wiązanie podwójne – wiązanie utworzone przez dwie wspólne pary elektronowe

triple bond
triple bond
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

wiązanie potrójne – wiązanie utworzone przez trzy wspólne pary elektronowe