Topicm8eecbd306eff7186_1528449000663_0Topic

Problem tasks based on experiments

Levelm8eecbd306eff7186_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm8eecbd306eff7186_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

II. Solving problems using physical laws and relationships.

IX. Optics. The student:

1) illustrates the straight line propagation of light in a homogeneous medium; explains the formation of umbra and penumbra;

2) describes the phenomenon of reflectionreflectionreflection off a flat surface and off a spherical surface;

4) analyses the path of rays coming out from a point in different directions, and then reflected off a plane mirrorplane mirrorplane mirror and off spherical mirrors; describes the focusing of rays in a concave mirror and the path of rays reflected off a convex mirror; uses the concepts of the focal point and the focal length;

5) constructs the path of rays illustrating the formation of virtual images produced by a plane mirror and the creation of real and virtual images produced by spherical mirrors, knowing the location of the focal point;

6) describes qualitatively the phenomenon of refractionrefractionrefraction of light at the boundary of two media differing in the speed of light propagation; indicates the direction of refraction.

Timingm8eecbd306eff7186_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm8eecbd306eff7186_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Explain the formation of shadow in the natural phenomenon.

Key competencesm8eecbd306eff7186_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Applies the law of reflection in solving problems in everyday life.

2. Constructs the path of rays in a spherical mirror.

3. Explains the natural phenomenon using the law of refractionrefractionrefraction.

Operational (detailed) goalsm8eecbd306eff7186_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- explains natural phenomena using the laws of reflection and refraction of light,

- constructs the path of rays illustrating the formation of images in plane and spherical mirrors.

Methodsm8eecbd306eff7186_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Text analysis.

Forms of workm8eecbd306eff7186_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionm8eecbd306eff7186_1528450127855_0Introduction

1. Remind what conditions must be met to form a shadow.
2. Remind the laws of reflectionreflectionreflection and refraction of light.
3. Remind how spherical mirrors work.
4. You certainly know what the microscope is and what it is for. And have you heard about a mirascopemirascopemirascope? If not, search on the Internet for an explanation of what it is and what it is for.
5. Remind, under what conditions the phenomenon of total internal reflectiontotal internal reflectiontotal internal reflection takes place and what it is.

Procedurem8eecbd306eff7186_1528446435040_0Procedure

Many problems and phenomena encountered in everyday life can be explained using geometrical optics. It assumes that light propagates in a straight line. The basic laws that accompany the propagation of light are the law of reflection and refractionrefractionrefraction.

Each of us has its shadow and we are not able to get rid of it. Once it is longer and once shorter and does not make any impression on us. Sometimes, however, he can be supernaturally large and terrifying. It is worth knowing that it still belongs to us and you should not be absolutely afraid of it.

The Brocken spectreBrocken spectreBrocken spectre, that is our own large shadow, often surrounded by a rainbow rim - glorygloryglory, is most often observed during hiking in the mountains, but it can also occur in other places. Various legends and superstitions are connected with it.

To observe the Brocken spectre, clouds or dense fog and the Sun are needed.

[Illustration 1]

Task 1

Take a look at the picture of the Brocken spectreBrocken spectreBrocken spectre and explain how the Sun, clouds or fog and observer must be aligned with respect to each other to observe this phenomenon.

Solution:

The Sun must be behind the observer's back, and in front of it clouds or fog create a background on which the shadow appears. Make a sketch of the solution.

[Interactive graphics]

Each of us has at home plane mirrors, or ordinary mirrors. In some of them, we can see ourselves completely, in others we see ourselves only partially. They are usually made of glass coated with a thin layer of aluminium.m8eecbd306eff7186_1527752256679_0Each of us has at home plane mirrors, or ordinary mirrors. In some of them, we can see ourselves completely, in others we see ourselves only partially. They are usually made of glass coated with a thin layer of aluminium.

Task 2

Ewa wants to buy a new mirror for her room. Until now, she had only one in which she could see herself halfway. That is why she is interested in choosing the height of a new mirror so that she can see in it the reflection of her entire body.

Ewa is 170 cm tall. Knowing that human eyes are placed on average 10 cm below the top of head, estimate the minimum height of the mirror needed by Ewa.

At what height should the mirror be suspended from the floor?

Ewa's room is relatively narrow - does the distance from which she looks in the new mirror affect how much of her reflection she sees?

Tip:

Make a similar sketch as in the picture.
Solve the problem geometrically.
Apply the law of reflectionreflectionreflection.

[Illustration 2]

Solution:

[Illustration 3]

Ewa's distance from the mirror does not matter.

The minimum height of the mirror is equal to half the height of Ewa.

The upper edge of the mirror should be at a height of 165 cm above the floor.

You already know that the mirascope is a simple device mainly used for playing. We have here a beautiful example of optical illusion. The structure of the mirascope is not complicated. It consists of two spherical mirrors with the same diameters that face each other. At the top of one of them, the hole is cut out. The cross‑section of the mirascope is shown below.

Inside the mirascope, we place the object and looking at the device at a certain angle, we see an illusionary image of the object floating in the opening of the upper mirror.

[Illustration 4]

Task 3

Explain how the illusionary image is created in the mirascopemirascopemirascope.

Tip:

Apply the law of reflectionreflectionreflection of light. Present the solution geometrically.

Solution:

The light rays reflected off the object at the vertex of the bottom mirror travel to the surface of the upper mirror. Reflected off it, they reach the bottom mirror, and then they are reflected again and leave the mirascopemirascopemirascope through the top hole creating a real image of the object.

[Illustration 5]

Certainly you have often seen a picture of the water surface made by a diving photographer. Or do you remember what you saw while diving in a pool, lake or sea, looking up towards the surface of the water?

Diver looking towards the water surface sees a brighter part in the form of a circle surrounded by a darker space.

[Illutration 6]

Task 4

Explain the mechanism of the formation of the image seen by the diver.

What determines the diameter of the bright part?

Solution:

The diver, as well as fish and other animals under water, see everything that is above its surface, but the field of their vision is narrowed to a visibility cone of about 98 degrees. Outside of this cone, the water surface acts like a mirror. The black area visible in the picture is a reflection of the bottom. If the bottom is deep, its details are not visible. If a water reservoir is relatively shallow, around the bright circle we will see the reflection of everything that is on the bottom.

This effect is the result of the phenomena of total internal reflectiontotal internal reflectiontotal internal reflection. The angle of incidence called the critical angle, above which the light rays are not able to leave the water to pass to the air, is 48.6 degrees for water‑air media boundary. The total internal reflectionreflectionreflection takes place only when the ray passes from a more optically dense medium to a less optically dense medium.

The diameter of the image that we see on the surface of the water depends on the depth at which we are (the height of the visibility cone).

[Illustration 7]

[Illustration 8]

Lesson summarym8eecbd306eff7186_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

Many of the optical phenomena that we encounter in everyday life can be explained by the laws of geometrical optics.m8eecbd306eff7186_1527752263647_0Many of the optical phenomena that we encounter in everyday life can be explained by the laws of geometrical optics.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

Brocken spectreBrocken spectreBrocken spectre

coronacoronacorona

glorygloryglory

mirascopemirascopemirascope

plane mirrorplane mirrorplane mirror

reflectionreflectionreflection

refractionrefractionrefraction

Snell’s windowSnell’s windowSnell’s window

total internal reflectiontotal internal reflectiontotal internal reflection

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reflection1
reflection

odbicie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: reflection
plane mirror1
plane mirror

zwierciadło płaskie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: plane mirror
refraction1
refraction

załamanie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: refraction
mirascope1
mirascope

miraskop

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wymowa w języku angielskim: mirascope
total internal reflection1
total internal reflection

całkowite wewnętrzne odbicie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: total internal reflection
Brocken spectre1
Brocken spectre

widmo Brockenu

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wymowa w języku angielskim: Brocken spectre
glory1
glory

gloria

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wymowa w języku angielskim: glory
corona1
corona

wieniec

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wymowa w języku angielskim: corona
Snell’s window1
Snell’s window

stożek widzialności

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wymowa w języku angielskim: Snell’s window