Temperatura i jej związek z energią kinetyczną cząsteczek

Answer the following questions and then compare your answers with the model ones.

1. What is temperaturetemperaturetemperature?

2. What determines the temperaturetemperaturetemperature of the body?

3. How do particlesparticlesparticles of the body behave when the body temperaturetemperaturetemperature increases?

4. Is there the lowest possible body temperaturetemperaturetemperature?

5. What are temperaturetemperaturetemperature scales for?

6. How is the absolute temperature scalethe absolute temperature scalethe absolute temperature scale defined?

7. Define the Celsius temperature scaletemperature scaletemperature scale.

8. Compare the Celsius scale with the Kevin scale.

9. Define the concept of heatheatheat.

10. What is the difference between temperaturetemperaturetemperature and heatheatheat?

11. Can we talk about heatheatheat even at very low temperatures?

Model answers

1. What is temperaturetemperaturetemperature?

TemperaturetemperatureTemperature is one of the basic physical quantities describing the state of the body. The temperature is related to the average kinetic energy of motionmotionmotion and vibrations of all molecules forming a given system and it is a measure of this energy.

2. What determines the temperaturetemperaturetemperature of the body?

In microscopic terms, the temperaturetemperaturetemperature depends on the movement of the molecules of which the body is built.

3. How do particlesparticlesparticles of the body behave when the body temperaturetemperaturetemperature increases?

The temperature rises when the energy of molecules in motionmotionmotion also increases. The movement may be associated with the movement of the molecules (e.g. in a gas), with the vibrations of atoms and molecules (e.g. in a crystal).

4. Is there the lowest possible temperaturetemperaturetemperature of the body?

Zero on the Kelvin scale, also called the absolute or the absolute zero, is the lowest possible temperature in nature and corresponds to the situation when all motions of the atoms and molecules of which matter is built stop. Then, the molecules have zero kinetic energy.

5. What are temperature scales for?

Temperature scales are ordered temperature values (taken as defined thermal states) presented in the form of a number and temperature unit.

Defining the temperature scaletemperature scaletemperature scale requires:

1. Assuming at least one temperaturetemperaturetemperature as the basic point of the scale and assigning this temperature a specific value (e.g. at normal pressure, at 0°C water changes its state from liquid to solid and vice versa).

2. Determining the appropriate unit of temperaturetemperaturetemperature.

6. How is the absolute temperature scalethe absolute temperature scalethe absolute temperature scale defined?

The Kelvin scale is the basic unit of temperaturetemperaturetemperature in the SI system. In this scale the water triple point was assigned to the value which equals 273,15 K. The absolute zero temperature is assumed to be the zero value on this scale. The unit of temperature in this scale is Kelvin (1 K). The value of T was selected in such a way that between the temperature value TIndeks dolny k_k in the Kelvin scale and the temperature value TIndeks dolny c_c in the Celsius scale the following relationship holds:

$T_c=T_k-273,15$

$T_k=T_c+273,15$

7. Define the Celsius temperature scaletemperature scaletemperature scale.

The Celsius scale is based on two constant points: 0Indeks górny o^oC – the melting point of the ice at normal pressure and 100Indeks górny o^oC – the boiling point of water at the normal pressure. The unit of temperaturetemperaturetemperature in this scale is one degree Celsius ($1^{°}C$).

8. Compare the Celsius scale with the Kevin scale.

One degree on the Celsius temperature scaletemperature scaletemperature scale is always equal to one Kelvin. The Kelvin scale is similar to the Celsius scale, and the only difference between them is to shift the numerical values in both scales in relation to each other by a constant value.

Click on the number then the description will appear.

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Ilustracja przedstawia dwa termometry rtęciowe wypełnione do takiej samej wysokości. Pierwszy, opisany Celsius scale, zaznaczone ma wartości -273 stopnie C, -200 stopni C, -100 stopni C, 0 stopni C, 100 stopni C, 200 stopni C, wskazuje wartość -100 stopni C. Drugi opisany Kevin scale, zaznaczone ma wartości 0 K, 100 K, 200 K, 273 K, 300 K, 400 K, 500 K. Narysowana linia pozioma między -237 stopnie C a 0 K oraz między 0 stopni C a 273 K.

9. Define the concept of heatheatheat.

HeatheatHeat in physics is one of the methods of transmitting internal energyinternal energyinternal energy to the thermodynamic system by transmitting the energy of the chaotic movement of particles (atoms, molecules, ions). The second method to transfer internal energy is work.

10. What is the difference between temperaturetemperaturetemperature and heatheatheat?

Temperature is a measure of the thermal state of the body (substance). HeatheatHeat is a form of energy that can be transmitted (given back or received).

11. Can we talk about heatheatheat even at very low temperatures?

Yes! If only bodies with different temperatures (even very low) are in contact with each other, then the flow of heatheatheat occurs.

Summary

• The physical quantityphysical quantityphysical quantity called temperaturetemperaturetemperature is related to the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules - two bodies have the same temperature if the average kinetic energy of their atoms or molecules is the same. Bodies with higher temperature have a higher value of the average kinetic energy of their atoms and molecules.

• On the Kelvin scale (also known as the absolute temperature scalethe absolute temperature scalethe absolute temperature scale) the temperaturetemperaturetemperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of atoms or molecules.

• On the Celsius scale, the zero point is the temperaturetemperaturetemperature at which water freezes, and 100 degrees is the temperature at which the water boils at normal atmospheric pressure.

• Zero Kelvin (also referred to as absolute zero) is the lowest possible temperaturetemperaturetemperature in nature; at this temperature the average kinetic energy of atoms and molecules is zero (atoms and molecules are in stillness).

• The temperaturetemperaturetemperature difference in the Celsius scale and the absolute scale is equal.

Exercises

Glossary

Keywords

heatheatheat

motionmotionmotion

particlesparticlesparticles

temperaturetemperaturetemperature

thermometerthermometerthermometer