Nagranie dźwiękowe dotyczące biologii dawniej i dziś
Features of living beings
It is difficult to state unequivocally and comprehensively what living beings are. One of the features that makes it easy to distinguish them from inanimate matter is their ability to move around on their own. Most animals do move, but plants, for example, are stationary in the ground, although they are alive. Organisms receive information from the environment and respond to it by changing their behaviour or functioning, however this can be easily observed without detailed studies only in species capable of moving. The organism grows at the beginning of its life, but an adult will generally no longer grow in size. Moreover, a phenomenon similar to growth can be observed in the case of some inanimate objects, e.g. salt crystals. Organisms obtain the energy they need to live by breathing. However, the seeds of some plants can remain in a state where they do not even show signs of respiration for a long time. As can be seen, defining what the organism is is not an easy task.
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Ilustracja przedstawia graf z kilkoma niebieskimi polami. Wewnątrz nich znajduj się tekst. światło, rośliny wykorzystują je do wzrostu; zwierzęta zjadają rośliny, które urosły dzięki światłuwoda, bez niej ustają czynności życiowetemperatura, od niej zależy aktywność organizmówpokarm| dostarcza energii organizmomtlen, służy do oddychania większości organizmówdwutlenek węgla, rośliny wykorzystują go do budowy swojego ciała
The ingredients that the organisms cannot live without
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
According to modern biologists, a living being is one that takes necessary substances from the environment and converts them into energy in order to maintain its life functions, that is nourishes, breathes, excretes, moves, reacts to stimuli, grows and develops, as well as it has the ability to reproduce. Organisms have the ability to evolvebiological evolutionevolve, which means that their next generations are gradually adapting to changing environmental conditions. All organisms are made up of cells and can take different forms. The simplest ones are unicellular, prokaryotic bacteria, the most complex ones are made of trillions of cells of various types (trees or whales).
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Schemat przedstawiający czynności życiowej organizmów. 1. MovementEntire organisms or their organs move in order to gain food and protection from danger 2.Growth and developmentGaining of mass and size of the organisms, takes place throughout their entire life (in plants) and in youth (in animals) 3. Reaction to stimuliThe ability to adjust to the changing environment 4. NutritionProviding the body with nutrients 5. ExcretionExcreting dangerous substances created in cells from the body 6. ReproductionIncreasing the number of organisms of the same species 7. BreathingReleasing from the food the energy that is needed for the organism to live
Living functions of organisms
Source: Aleksandra Ryczkowska, Michał Szymczak, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Fotografia przedstawia pojedynczą komórkę, widzianą w bardzo dużym powiększeniu przez mikroskop elektronowy. Komórka ma kształt ostro zakończonej gałązki, jest jasno szara i ma białe kropki. Wyrasta z ciemno szarego, pofałdowanego podłoża.
Cellular structure
Source: Emmanuel Boutet, http://commons.wikimedia.org, licencja: CC BY-SA 2.5.
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Ilustracja przedstawia schemat przemiany materii i energii w komórce. W wyniku przemian chemicznych jedne substancje są rozkładane, a inne tworzone. Procesom tym towarzyszy pobieranie i uwalnianie energii.
Transformation of matter and energy
Source: Andrzej Bogusz, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Ilustracja procesu powstawania nowych gatunków na przykładzie pięćdziesięciu milionów lat ewolucji konia.
The evolution of the horse
Source: autor, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 1
All beings living on our planet have features that distinguish them from inanimate matter. Explain whether a frog, which hibernates in winter, is a living being?
What does the organism need to live?
The conditions on Earth are ideal for the existence of life. The presence of light, water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and the appropriate temperature contribute to the fact that the planet is inhabited by millions of species. Its distance from the Sun provides sufficient light energy and a temperature at which water occurs in three states of matter. The rotary movement causes the Earth to heat up evenly, while the right mass determines the existence of atmosphere around the Earth, which acts as a heat retaining coating. The oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are the two most important gases for life.
Biology as a life science
BiologybiologyBiology is a life science – it studies organisms living on Earth today and those that used to live in old times. Its name comes from Greek words: bios – life and logos – science. This term was introduced by the French naturalist – Jean Baptiste Lamarck at the beginning of the 19th century. Biologists study the structure of organisms and their vital functions, as well as the relationship between organisms and the environment. They are trying to answer the following questions: Where do the organisms come from? How is it they are so different? How do organisms transfer their features to their offspring?
Biology is a science based on observation, experimentation and explanation of facts. Scientists do not limit themselves to working in a laboratory, they also study organisms in their natural environment –-- in all corners of the Earth. Biology is a rapidly developing natural knowledge domain and covers many fields.
relationships between organisms and the environment
embryology
embryonic development of organisms
evolutionism
origin of organisms
physiology
vital functions of organisms
genetics
transmission of features to offspring
histology
structure, development and function of tissues
systematics
organisation and clustering of organisms
Task 2
Names designating groups of organisms can be decoded by separating their meaning elements and then explaining their constituent words in Greek or Latin. Determine, using the tip, what is literally meant by the terms extremophiles and autotrophies.
History of biological sciences
The foundations of scientific knowledge of the world were created in antiquity. Already at that time organisms were described and divided into groups. We owe the description of details of the structure of the human body and the functioning of its organs to researchers from the 16th century. The 17th century was marked by a special invention – the first microscope, thanks to which the world of microorganisms was discovered. The foundations of modern organism systematics was created in the 18th century. In the 19th century it was proved that all organisms are made up of cells, the theory of biological evolution was announced, and the rules of inheritance of features of organisms were discovered. The 20th century was a dynamic development of biochemistry and geneticsgeneticsgenetics. The design of the electron microscope allowed for studying the secrets of structure of cells and chemical molecules. Discovering DNA, where the features of each organism are recorded, was one of the greatest discoveries in the history of mankind. It caused the development of genetic engineeringgenetic engineeringgenetic engineering and allowed to read the genomegenomegenome of a human being. The present century – century of biotechnologybiotechnologybiotechnology – gives hope for the use of deliberately transformed organisms, for example in the fight against diseases.
What are characteristic features of organisms?
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Ilustracja składa się z sześciu zdjęć, ułożonych w dwóch rzędach. W górnym rzędzie, na pierwszej fotografii od lewej, granatowy samochód przy dystrybutorze paliwa. Na drugim zdjęciu żółto-biało-czarna gąsienica na spodniej stronie liścia. Trzecia fotografia przedstawia dziecko trzymajace kwiatek w wyciągniętej ręce. W dolnym rzędzie, na pierwszym zdjęciu od lewej niewielki, pomarańczowy robot. Na kolejnej fotografii ptak z czerwoną głową, białym brzuszkiem i czarnymi skrzydłami. W pomarańczowym dziobie trzyma brązowego robaka. Na trzecim zdjęciu popiersie człowieka neandertalskiego.
What makes organisms stand out?
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Task 3
Aristotle believed that some organisms, e.g. mice and rats, were created from decomposing organic matter or dirty rags, while insect larvae – from rotting meat. This view (theory of spontaneous generation) was valid in science for over two millennia. It was not until 1668 that Francesco Redi carried out the experiment, placing the pieces of meat in containers made of very dense net. It turned out that no larvae appeared in the meat, which contradicted Aristotle's beliefs. Formulate a research problem and hypothesis, as well as explain the result of Redi’s experiment. Write down the conclusions.
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Research problem (Uzupełnij). Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Conclusion (Uzupełnij).
Research problem (Uzupełnij). Hypothesis (Uzupełnij). Conclusion (Uzupełnij).
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Exercise 1
Ćwiczenie wybierz prawidłowe odpowiedzi. You are an organism because Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. you will be able to have children in the future, 2. you are made up of cells, 3. you are made up of clay, 4. you react to your name and when it is cold, 5. you don't excrete urine, 6. you grow, 7. you take up oxygen, 8. you were created thanks to evolution, 9. you are not made up of cells
Ćwiczenie wybierz prawidłowe odpowiedzi. You are an organism because Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. you will be able to have children in the future, 2. you are made up of cells, 3. you are made up of clay, 4. you react to your name and when it is cold, 5. you don't excrete urine, 6. you grow, 7. you take up oxygen, 8. you were created thanks to evolution, 9. you are not made up of cells
You are an organism because
you will be able to have children in the future
you are made up of cells
you are made up of clay
you react to your name and when it is cold
you don't excrete urine
you grow
you take up oxygen
you were created thanks to evolution
you are not made up of cells
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Exercise 2
Ćwiczenie połącz w pary. Match the names of branches of biology and the problems they deal with. anatomy Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. cytology Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. embryology Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. evolutionism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. physiology Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. genetics Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. histology Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring
Ćwiczenie połącz w pary. Match the names of branches of biology and the problems they deal with. anatomy Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. cytology Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. embryology Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. evolutionism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. physiology Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. genetics Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring. histology Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. embryonic development of organisms, 2. structure and functioning of the cell, 3. origin of organisms, 4. structure, development and function of tissues, 5. vital functions of organisms, 6. internal structure of organisms, 7. transmission of features to offspring
Match the names of branches of biology and the problems they deal with.
structure, development and function of tissues, origin of organisms, vital functions of organisms, embryonic development of organisms, internal structure of organisms, transmission of features to offspring, structure and functioning of the cell
anatomy
cytology
embryology
evolutionism
physiology
genetics
histology
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Exercise 3
Ćwiczenie połącz w pary. Match the definitions with of the factors that the organisms cannot live without. light Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. water Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. temperature Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. food Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. oxygen Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. carbon dioxide Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms
Ćwiczenie połącz w pary. Match the definitions with of the factors that the organisms cannot live without. light Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. water Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. temperature Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. food Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. oxygen Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms. carbon dioxide Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, 2. plans use it to build their bodies, 3. the activity of organisms depend on it, 4. is used by most of the organisms to respire, 5. life functions stop without it, 6. provides the energy to the organisms
Match the definitions with of the factors that the organisms cannot live without.
plants use it in order to grow; animals eat plants which grew thanks to the light, provides the energy to the organisms, plans use it to build their bodies, life functions stop without it, is used by most of the organisms to respire, the activity of organisms depend on it
light
water
temperature
food
oxygen
carbon dioxide
Conclusion
Organisms are made up of cells.
Organisms take up body building substances and energy from the environment to sustain their vital functions.
Environmental factors affect the life and activity of organisms.
Biology is a science that studies organisms living on the Earth.
The development of biological sciences made it possible to learn about the world of living beings, including humans.
Homework
Task 4.1
1. List the vital functions performed by each organism.
Task 4.2
2. Tell which field of biology you need to know in order to:
reproduce plants;
predict which blood group the offspring may have;
identify the species to which the snail found in the meadow belongs;
determine the position of kidneys in the body.
Task 4.3
3. Search through any sources and name the Polish scientist, whom you consider to be the pioneer of biological research. Justify your choice.
antropologia fizyczna – inaczej biologia człowieka; dział biologii zajmujący się badaniem zmienności cech budowy i fizjologii człowieka w czasie i przestrzeni
ewolucja biologiczna – ciągły, powolny, nieodwracalny proces zmian, którym podlegają gatunki, polegający na ich dostosowywaniu się do środowiska; jego rezultatem jest powstawanie nowych gatunków
inżynieria genetyczna – nauka zajmująca się wprowadzaniem zmian do materiału genetycznego (DNA) organizmów, które dzięki temu uzyskują pożądane przez człowieka cechy