The famous architect Frank Gehry once said, “Architecture should speak of its time and place, but yearn for timelessness.” Below, you will find examples of such timeless, famous architectural styles that speak of their time. You will learn about their history and their unique features. Let’s have a look!
Sławny architekt Frank Gehry powiedział kiedyś, że „architektura powinna przemawiać o czasie i miejscu, lecz dążyć do ponadczasowości”. W poniższym tekście znajdziesz przykłady takich ponadczasowych stylów architektonicznych, wiele mówiących o epokach, w których powstały. Poznasz ciekawe fakty na temat ich historii i unikalnych cech. Do dzieła!
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Ilustracja przedstawia projekt architektoniczny osiedla domów jednorodzinnych. Widoczny jest rząd piętrowych budynków o bryle sześcianu. Na dole każdego budynku widoczne są drzwi garażowe oraz drzwi wejściowe. Na górze widoczne są okna oraz tarasy.
Architectural styles constantly undergo change
Style architektoniczne podlegają ciągłym zmianom
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.freepik.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
Exercise1
Drag and drop the words to create an interesting quote about the topic of the class.
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Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise1
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Complete the puzzle to reveal an interesting fact about the topic of this class.
Complete the puzzle to reveal an interesting fact about the topic of this class.
High‑rise buildings in Dubai, United Arab Emirates / Quote source: https://architectureau.com/articles/when‑architecture‑was‑an‑olympic‑sport/
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.pexels.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
Read the text and do the exercise(s) below.
Most Recognisable Architectural Styles
Tomasz WiśniewskiMost Recognisable Architectural Styles
CLASSICAL
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Zdjęcie przedstawia antyczną budowlę. Widoczny jest okazały budynek składający się z dwóch kondygnacji. Do budynku prowadzą schody. Na każdej z kondygnacji widoczne są cztery pary kolumn. Na parterze pomiędzy kolumnami znajdują się wejścia oraz nisze z posągami. Na piętrze widoczne są balkony, a pary kolumn połączone są trójkątnymi tympanonami. Po prawej stronie widoczny jest antyczny mur z dwoma łukami. Przed budynkiem widoczne są grupy ludzi.
The Celsus Library in Ephesus, Turkey
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: https://unsplash.com/ [dostęp 2.05.2022], domena publiczna.
ClassicalclassicalClassical architecture was first used in ancient Greece and then developed in Rome, spanningspanningspanning the period from 850 BC to 476 AD. In the beginning, it was most commonly used to build templestemples [temple]temples and places of worshipworship (noun)worship. Classical architecture is characterised by symmetricalsymmetricalsymmetrical white columns supporting a large triangulartriangulartriangularpedimentpediment (a triangular part of a building supported by columns)pediment, rectangularrectangularrectangular windows, and white marblemarble (noun)marble as the building material.
The shape of its characteristic columns has evolved: it started with the simple DoricDoricDoric style, then changed into a more elaborateelaborateelaborateIonicIonicIonic, and finally, the leafyleafyleafyCorinthianCorinthianCorinthian, especially preferred by Romans who adopted this style later on.
The most well‑known examples of classical architecture are the AcropolisAcropolisAcropolis in Athens and Rome's ColosseumColosseumColosseum.
GOTHIC
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Czarno‑białe zdjęcie przedstawia trójkątną, strzelistą fasadę ogromnej kamiennej katedry. Widoczne są strzeliste przypory, od najniższych po zewnętrznych stronach fasady do coraz wyższych pośrodku. Pomiędzy nimi widoczne są wejścia i wysokie okna wypełnione witrażami i zwieńczone w górnej części plecionką i ostrym łukiem. Wzdłuż brzegów fasady widoczne są ażurowe detale architektoniczne.
The Milan Cathedral in Milan, Italy
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.pexels.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
The Gothic style was used between 1150 to circa 1530 to build famous churches in Europe. It is a type of masonrymasonry (adjective)masonry structure that is characterised by features such as pointed archespointed arches [pointed arch]pointed arches, large stained glass windowsstained glass windows [stained glass window]stained glass windows, ornate decorationsornate decorationsornate decorations and elaborate vaulted columnsvaulted columns [vaulted column] (a type of column with a self‑supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling) vaulted columns and suspended supportssuspended supports [suspended support] (a support of a building slanting from a separate column, typically forming an arch with the wall it supports)suspended supports.
Well‑known examples of GothicGothicGothic architecture include the Notre‑Dame CathedralNotre‑Dame CathedralNotre‑Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, the Canterbury CathedralCanterbury CathedralCanterbury Cathedral in England and the Milan CathedralMilan CathedralMilan Cathedral in Italy.
BAROQUE
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Zdjęcie przedstawia budynek świątyni zbudowany z białego kamienia na planie koła, z cylindrycznym elementem pośrodku zwieńczonym kopułą. Widoczna jest fasada z wysokim wejściem flankowanym dwoma parami kolumn na wysokich postumentach, które zwieńczone są trójkątnym tympanonem. Po obu stronach wejścia widoczne są występy, które w górnej części mają półowalne okna, a w dolnej nisze z rzeźbami. Nad nimi, wokół cylindrycznej części, widoczne są rzeźby.
Santa Maria della Salute in Venice, Italy
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.pixabay.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
This style of architecture originated in Italy in the late 16th century and spanned over 200 years. It is regarded as one of the most flamboyantflamboyantflamboyant, decorativedecorativedecorative and dramatic styles. Its vividnessvividnessvividness appeals to the imagination by including curvedcurvedcurved shapes and forms that imply fluidityfluidityfluidity, movement and nature. BaroqueBaroqueBaroque architecture also plays with perspectiveperspectiveperspective: the size, shape and length of its figures are often changed to make them more visible.
Famous Baroque‑style buildings include VersaillesVersaillesVersailles in France, St. Paul’s CathedralSt. Paul's CathedralSt. Paul’s Cathedral in London and St. Peter’s SquareSt. Peter's SquareSt. Peter’s Square in the Vatican.
NEOCLASSICISM
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Zdjęcie przedstawia rozłożysty budynek zbudowany w stylu neoklasycznym, którego główna bryła ma kształt prostopadłościanu z fasadą zdobioną rzędem kolumn oraz półkolumn. Nad wejściem widoczna jest rzeźba przedstawiająca rydwan z końmi. Za rzeźbą widoczne jest piętro z oknami, zwieńczone trójkątnym tympanonem z płaskorzeźbą.
The Polish National Opera in Warsaw, Poland
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.pexels.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
NeoclassicalNeoclassicalNeoclassical architecture is a modern, revivedrevivedrevived version of Classical Greek and Roman architecture. Consequently, many buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries, such as the American White HouseWhite HouseWhite House in the U.S. or Buckingham PalaceBuckingham PalaceBuckingham Palace in the UK, resemble ancient temples.
Neoclassical architecture is defined by elegant, minimalist appearanceappearanceappearance, cleanliness, straight columns, triangular pediments and the immenseimmenseimmense size of buildings.
ART DECO
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Zdjęcie przedstawia piętrowy budynek o prostokątnej fasadzie. Widoczne jest proste wejście, nad którym na niewielkim, półokrągłym zadaszeniu widoczny jest napis: CENTURY. Na parterze i piętrze widoczne są okna złożone z wąskich szyb. Pośrodku budynku u góry wystaje żeberkowany pionowy element.
The Century Hotel in Miami Beach, Florida, USA
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.unsplash.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
Short for Arts Décoratifs (Decorative arts),art decoart decoart deco was popular between 1919 and 1939. It combines modern styles with fine craftsmanshipcraftsmanshipcraftsmanship and rich, new materials of the time such as chromechromechrome, stainless steelstainless steelstainless steel and plastic.
During the time of its peak popularity, it represented luxury, modernity, glamourglamourglamour, joy and faith in humanity and technology.
It is inspired by artistic movements of the time: the chunkychunkychunky geometric CubistCubistCubist forms and the natural, floralfloralfloral and leafy patterns of SecessionSecession (a nature‑inspired style of art)Secession.
Famous Art Deco buildings include The Empire State BuildingEmpire State BuildingEmpire State Building in New York and the Hoover BuildingHoover BuildingHoover Building in London.
MODERNISM
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Zdjęcie przedstawia nowoczesny, prostopadłościenny piętrowy budynek, o prostych liniach. Widoczne są na pierwszym piętrze długie okna biegnące wzdłuż całej elewacji, a na drugim piętrze duże okna.
Maison La Roche in Paris, France
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.unsplash.com [dostęp 2.05.2022], domena publiczna.
Modernism, which was very popular during the first half of the 20th century, is characteristic of a minimalistminimalistminimalist design. It highlights simplicitysimplicitysimplicity, clean structure, lack of decoration, and stresses the importance of functionalityfunctionalityfunctionality over the form. Therefore, the shape of buildings is simple: clean minimal lines, glass walls, large translucenttranslucenttranslucent windows, and frequently, asymmetrical design.
Its main building materials are steel, glass and concreteconcreteconcrete. Famous modernist architects include Le Corbusier and Frank Lloyd Wright - their villasvillas [villa]villas and houses are the most iconic examples of this style.
POSTMODERNISM
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Zdjęcie przedstawia supernowoczesny budynek, o futurystycznym kształcie, którego dach przypomina powyginane fale wykonane ze srebrnej blachy.
The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.unsplash.com [dostęp 2.05.2022], domena publiczna.
The postmodernistpostmodernistpostmodernist designs that started in the 1960s and continued all through the 1990s incorporated elaborate artistic ornamentationornamentationornamentation and decoration into the facadesfacades [facade]facades of buildings, and extreme asymmetry – in contrast to the cleanliness and minimalism of modernist style.
The Postmodernist style is hard to characterise as it mixes many architectural styles, resulting in a multitude of forms, shapes, hybridhybridhybrid designs and unusual, otherworldlyotherworldlyotherworldly shapes.
The Guggenheim MuseumGuggenheim MuseumGuggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain, the MI6 buildingMI6 buildingMI6 building in London, UK, and the Dancing HouseDancing HouseDancing House in Prague are notable examples of postmodernist design.
1 Źródło: Tomasz Wiśniewski, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise2
Study the buildings mentioned in the text and select their correct architectural style.
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Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise2
Look at the images of buildings mentioned in the text and select their correct architectural style.
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1. The White House, Washington, U.S.A.
1. The White House, Washington, U.S.A.
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.unsplash.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
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2. Acropolis, Athens, Greece
2. Acropolis, Athens, Greece
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.unsplash.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
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3. Hoover Building, London, UK
3. Hoover Building, London, UK
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: pl.wikipedia.org [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
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4. Milan Cathedral, Milan, Italy
4. Milan Cathedral, Milan, Italy
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.pexels.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
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5. The Dancing House, Prague, Czech Republic
5. The Dancing House, Prague, Czech Republic
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: www.pexels.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
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6. Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater House, Mill Run, U.S.A.
6. Frank Lloyd Wright’s Fallingwater House, Mill Run, U.S.A.
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: https://unsplash.com/ [dostęp 29.04.2022], domena publiczna.
Exercise3
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Using the information from the text about architectural styles, match the famous building with its place of origin. Colosseum Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Acropolis Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Notre-Dame Cathedral Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Buckingham Palace Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Empire State Building Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Dancing House Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Guggenheim Museum Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States White House Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States
Using the information from the text about architectural styles, match the famous building with its place of origin. Colosseum Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Acropolis Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Notre-Dame Cathedral Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Buckingham Palace Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Empire State Building Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Dancing House Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States Guggenheim Museum Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States White House Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Washington, United States, 2. London, United Kingdom, 3. Prague, Czech Republic, 4. Bilbao, Spain, 5. Athens, Greece, 6. Rome, Italy, 7. Paris, France, 8. New York, United States
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise4
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Match the words taken from the text about architectural styles with their descriptions. temple Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements pediment Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements masonry Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements ornate Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements perspective Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements immense Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements glamour Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements villa Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements hybrid Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements worship Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements
Match the words taken from the text about architectural styles with their descriptions. temple Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements pediment Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements masonry Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements ornate Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements perspective Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements immense Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements glamour Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements villa Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements hybrid Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements worship Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. attractive, exciting, appealing, 2. highly decorated, 3. extremely large, 4. technique of building using stone, 5. part of the building in the shape of a triangle, 6. prayer or paying respect to a god, 7. place of prayer, 8. point of view, 9. luxurious country house, 10. composed of different elements
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise5
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Match the words with the pictures that represent certain elements of architecture.
Match the words with the pictures that represent certain elements of architecture.
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: commons.wikimedia.org [dostęp 9.03.2022], www.pexels.com [dostęp 9.03.2022], domena publiczna.
1
GRAMATYKA
GRAMATYKA
Adjectives
Gdy rzeczownikowi towarzyszą dwa przymiotniki lub więcej, używamy ich w określonej kolejności i oddzielamy je przecinkami. Najczęściej taka sekwencja przymiotników jest uporządkowana następująco:
Kolejność
Rodzaj
Przykłady
1
opinia
unusual, extraordinary, beautiful
2
rozmiar
large, small, tall
3
cechy fizyczne
tiny, smooth, even
4
kształt
round, curved, symmetrical
5
wiek
old, new
6
kolor
white, red, pink
7
pochodzenie
American, French, Polish
8
materiał
marble, chrome, steel
9
typ
classic/classical, modernist
10
przeznaczenie
housing, containing, accommodating
Przykłady:
The column was made of an (1) unusual (6) white (8) marble stone. –Kolumna jest wykonana z (1) nietypowego (6) białego (8) marmuru.
It’s a (2) short (4) curved (8) metal object. – To (2) krótki, (4) zakrzywiony, (8) metalowy przedmiot.
The agora is usually a (4) round (7) Greek (9) market‑like structure. –Agora jest zazwyczaj (4) okrągłą (7) rzymską strukturą (9) podobną do bazaru.
Spójrz na poniższe przykłady zastosowania wielu przymiotników. Tego typu zdania – zawierające niemal wszystkie typy przymiotników – zdarzają się niezwykle rzadko.
It was a (1) beautiful (2) large (4) symmetrical (6) white (7) Greek (10) religious building. – To była (1) piękna, (2) duża, (3) symetryczna, (6) biała (7) grecka, budowla (10) związana z kultem religijnym.
What a (1) magnificent (2) huge (5) modern (7) American skyscraper! –Cóż za (1) wspaniały, (2) ogromny, (3) nowoczesny (7) amerykański drapacz chmur!
Exercise6
Order the words in the sentences, paying particular attention to the right order of adjectives.
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1. 1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for 1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for 1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for 1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for.
1. 1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for 1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for 1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for 1. ornamentation, 2. curving, 3. Baroque, 4. flamboyant, 5. colourful, 6. is known for.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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2. 1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a 1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a 1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a 1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a.
2. 1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a 1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a 1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a 1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a1. building, 2. wooden, 3. old, 4. very shabby, 5. grey, 6. This barn, 7. is a.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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3. 1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel 1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel 1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel.
3. 1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel 1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel 1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel1. tall, 2. The Empire State building, 3. art deco, 4. extraordinary, 5. structure, 6. is an, 7. steel.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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4. 1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth.
4. 1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth1. the Villas built by Le Corbusier, 2. The design, 3. symmetrical, 4. and, 5. of, 6. is smooth.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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5. 1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis 1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis 1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis.
5. 1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis 1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis 1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis1. structure, 2. is a, 3. very old, 4. stone, 5. white, 6. in Greece, 7. The Acropolis.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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6. 1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating 1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating 1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating.
6. 1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating 1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating 1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating1. up to 6000 visitors a day, 2. neoclassical, 3. is a, 4. beautiful, 5. large, 6. The White House, 7. building, 8. accommodating.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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7. 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a.
7. 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a 1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a1. Baroque, 2. limestone, 3. magnificent, 4. church, 5. enormous, 6. St. Paul’s Cathedral, 7. is a.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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8. 1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white, 1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white, 1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white, 1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white.
8. 1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white, 1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white, 1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white, 1. the classical statue, 2. slightly asymmetrical, 3. smooth, 4. The face of, 5. and contains a few imperfections, 6. is, 7. dark-white.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise7
Choose three buildings that you know, for example, the ones in your city, the house your family lives in, or a famous building around the world. Describe them using at least five adjectives. Pay attention to their order.
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(Uzupełnij).
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
The Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw is…
The house that I live in is…
The pyramids in Giza are…
The Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw is a quite ugly tall grey Russian concrete structure.
The house that I live in is a usual medium‑sized rectangular white brick cottage.
The pyramids in Giza are extraordinary huge triangular very old Egyptian structures, containing many artefacts.
vaulted columns [vaulted column] (a type of column with a self‑supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling)
vaulted columns [vaulted column] (a type of column with a self‑supporting arched form, usually of stone or brick, serving to cover a space with a ceiling)
sklepione kolumny [sklepiona kolumna] (rodzaj kolumny o samonośnej formie łukowatej, zwykle z kamienia lub cegły, służącej do pokrycia przestrzeni sufitem)