Topicme0cfd39e31f55673_1528449000663_0Topic

Structure and properties of solids. Crystalline structure

Levelme0cfd39e31f55673_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumme0cfd39e31f55673_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

I. The use of physical concepts and quantities to describe phenomena and to indicate their examples in the surrounding reality.

V. Properties of matter. The student:

1) uses the concepts of mass and density and their units; analyses the differences in the density of substances in different states of matter resulting from the microscopic structure of solids, liquids and gases.

Timingme0cfd39e31f55673_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesme0cfd39e31f55673_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Understanding the dependence of the properties of solids on molecular structure.

Key competencesme0cfd39e31f55673_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Identification of elastic, brittle and plastic bodies.

2. Identification of bodies with crystalline structure and determination of their properties.

3. Identification of bodies with non‑crystalline structure and determination of their properties.

Operational (detailed) goalsme0cfd39e31f55673_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- distinguishes elastic, brittle and plastic bodies,

- distinguishes elastic, brittle and plastic bodies,

- provides the properties of crystalline bodies,

- provides properties of non‑crystalline bodies.

Methodsme0cfd39e31f55673_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Learning by observation.

2. Problem lecture.

Forms of workme0cfd39e31f55673_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Work with the whole class.

Lesson stages

Introductionme0cfd39e31f55673_1528450127855_0Introduction

Task 1

Answer the questions:

1. What is each physical body made up of?
2. What states of matter do you know?
3. What is the difference in the molecular structure of gases, liquids and solids?
4. What are the characteristics of a given state of matter? Consider 3 levels of matter that you know.

Answer:

1. Each physical body is made up of particles.
2. There are three basic states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
3. These bodies are made up of the same particles, but they differ in the density of particles and the possibility of particle movement.
4. Solids retain their shape and volume, liquids take the shape of a vessel and retain their volume, gases take the shape of a vessel and occupy its entire volume.
me0cfd39e31f55673_1527752256679_01. Each physical body is made up of particles.
2. There are three basic states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.
3. These bodies are made up of the same particles, but they differ in the density of particles and the possibility of particle movement.
4. Solids retain their shape and volume, liquids take the shape of a vessel and retain their volume, gases take the shape of a vessel and occupy its entire volume.

Procedureme0cfd39e31f55673_1528446435040_0Procedure

Experiment

Research problem:

Presentation of the shape change of various solids under the influence of applied force.

Research hypothesis:

Depending on the material from which the body is made, we can change its shape by applying external force.

The course of the experiment:

1. The teacher, using force, attempts to change the shape of bodies made from various materials.
2. For certain bodies, despite the use of high force, the change of shape is not possible, for example stone, ceramics, etc.
3. For a certain group of bodies, the shape change is relatively easy, for example chalk, plasticine or clay.

Conclusion:

Solids retain a definite shape. However, there are materials whose shape can be easily changed, e.g. plasticine or clay.

[Slideshow]

Task 2

Specify whether the sentences are true or false:

a) Changing the shape of a plastic solid causes a change of its volumevolumevolume.
b) If we divide a solid into parts, the sum of their volumes is equal to the volume of the solid before the division.
c) The volume of a solid before division is smaller than the total volume of the solid parts.

Answer:

a) False.
b) True.
c) False.

Task 3

View the photos:

[Illustration 1]

[Illustration 2]

[Illustration 3]

Task 4

Answer the questions:

a) Identify the most important characteristics of the bodies depicted in the pictures.
b) What are the effects of applying force to these bodies?

Answer:

a) Presented bodies are solid bodies, having a definite shape and volumevolumevolume.
b) Plasticine figurines can be deformed permanently. The spring changes its shape under the influence of the applied force. However, after removing the influence of external force, it returns to the previous shape. Glass vessels can be broken due to the large force.

Conclusion:

Solids can be plastic, elastic or brittle.

Task 5

View the photos:

[Illustration 4]

Task 6

Refer to illustration presenting a comparison of the internal structure of a crystalline solid and an amorphous solidamorphous solidamorphous solid.

[Illustration 5]

Question:

How are the molecules arranged in crystalline solids and amorphous solids?

Answer:

In a crystalline solid, molecules form an ordered pattern.
In a amorphous solid, molecules do not form an ordered pattern.

Conclusion:

The body made of one crystalcrystalcrystal is a monocrystal.
The body made of many crystals is a polycrystalpolycrystalpolycrystal.
A solid with a disordered structure of molecules is an amorphous solidamorphous solidamorphous solid.

Lesson summaryme0cfd39e31f55673_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

- Solids retain their shape and volume.
- Changing the shape of a solid does not affect its volume.
- Elasticity is a physical property of the bodies in which the body returns to its original shape and volume after the action of the external deforming force has ceased.
- Plasticity is a physical property of the bodies in which a solid under the influence of external force undergoes permanent deformation.
- Brittleness is a physical property of the bodies in which the material cracks or crumbles under the influence of external force.
- There is no clear division into elastic, plastic and brittle solids. This division is conventional and depends on the magnitude of the force acting on the given body.
- Some solids are composed of atoms, ions or molecules showing a regular spatial pattern. If we know the location of one atom or molecule, we are able to predict the position of the other. When we connect them all together with line segments, we get a certain geometrical structure called a lattice.
- Not all solids have a crystalline structure. Some of them are characterized by a disordered molecular structure. Such bodies are called amorphous.
me0cfd39e31f55673_1527752263647_0- Solids retain their shape and volume.
- Changing the shape of a solid does not affect its volume.
- Elasticity is a physical property of the bodies in which the body returns to its original shape and volume after the action of the external deforming force has ceased.
- Plasticity is a physical property of the bodies in which a solid under the influence of external force undergoes permanent deformation.
- Brittleness is a physical property of the bodies in which the material cracks or crumbles under the influence of external force.
- There is no clear division into elastic, plastic and brittle solids. This division is conventional and depends on the magnitude of the force acting on the given body.
- Some solids are composed of atoms, ions or molecules showing a regular spatial pattern. If we know the location of one atom or molecule, we are able to predict the position of the other. When we connect them all together with line segments, we get a certain geometrical structure called a lattice.
- Not all solids have a crystalline structure. Some of them are characterized by a disordered molecular structure. Such bodies are called amorphous.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

amorphous solidamorphous solidamorphous solid

brittlenessbrittlenessbrittleness

crystalcrystalcrystal

crystal latticecrystal latticecrystal lattice

elasticityelasticityelasticity

plasticityplasticityplasticity

polycrystalpolycrystalpolycrystal

state of matterstate of matterstate of matter

volumevolumevolume

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volume1
volume

objętość

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wymowa w języku angielskim: volume
amorphous solid1
amorphous solid

ciało amorficzne

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wymowa w języku angielskim: amorphous solid
crystal1
crystal

kryształ

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wymowa w języku angielskim: crystal
polycrystal1
polycrystal

polikryształ

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wymowa w języku angielskim: polycrystal
brittleness1
brittleness

kruchość

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wymowa w języku angielskim: brittleness
crystal lattice1
crystal lattice

sieć krystaliczna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: crystal lattice
elasticity1
elasticity

sprężystość

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wymowa w języku angielskim: elasticity
plasticity1
plasticity

plastyczność

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wymowa w języku angielskim: plasticity
state of matter1
state of matter

stan skupienia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: state of matter