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Ionising radiation and its effect on living organisms

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Promieniowanie jonizujące i jego wpływ na organizmy żywe

You will learn
  • to differentiate between non‑ionising and ionising radiation,

  • describe its sources.

Before you start, answer the questions.

  • What is radiationradiationradiation?

  • What sources of radiation are present in our environmentenvironmentenvironment?

Ionisation
Ionisation
Definition: Ionisation
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nagranie abstraktu

When a sufficient amount of energy is delivered to an atom, an electron can be removed from its orbit, leaving the atom ionized (atom is positively charged). Energy required to remove an electron from its orbit is in the range of 5‑20 eV. IonisationionisationIonisation is associated with the absorption of radiationradiationradiation.

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nagranie abstraktu

If the incident energy is low, then the atom absorbs it and gets excitedexcitedexcited. When the atom comes back to the ground state, nonionizing radiation is emitted. Nonionizing radiation comes in the form of light, radio waves, microwaves and radar waves. These forms of radiation usually are not dangerous for human tissues, quite opposite to the ionizing radiation.

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Ilustracja interaktywna przedstawia schematycznie różnicę między promieniowaniem niejonizacyjnym i jonizacyjnym. Po lewej stronie ilustracji interaktywnej przedstawione jest jądro atomowe złożone z małych niebieskich kulek symbolizujących neutrony oraz zielonych kulek symbolizujących protony. Wokół jądra narysowane są trzy okręgi symbolizujące orbity, na których znajdują się kulki koloru pomarańczowego symbolizujące elektrony. Jedna z kulek na drugim okręgu jest szara, od niej strzałka przerywana do kulki pomarańczowej na zewnętrznym okręgu. Do szarej kulki poziomy ‘wężyk’ z podpisem Energy is low. Lewa strona podpisana nonionizing radiation i oznaczona numerem 1. Po prawej stronie ilustracji interaktywnej przedstawione jest jądro atomowe złożone z małych niebieskich kulek symbolizujących neutrony oraz zielonych kulek symbolizujących protony. Wokół jądra narysowane są trzy okręgi symbolizujące orbity, na których znajdują się kulki koloru pomarańczowego symbolizujące elektrony. Jedna z kulek na zewnętrznym okręgu jest szara, od niej strzałka przerywana do kulki pomarańczowej znajdującej się poza okręgami. Do szarej kulki poziomy ‘wężyk’ z podpisem Energy is high. Prawa strona podpisana ionizing radiation i oznaczona numerem 2. Na ilustracji widoczne są numery, a na nich podpisy. 1. energy is low and is absorbed by electrons {audio}, 2. energy is high enough to completely knock electrons out of orbit {audio}.
Radiation
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

In living organisms exposed to radiation which energy is sufficient to induce ionisationionisationionisation the chemical bonds can be affected. Living organisms are able to correct damages caused by small amounts of radiation. But in case, when the radiation amount is large, the damages are huge and can lead to genetic defects, cancer or, in the worst case, to radiation sickness.

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nagranie abstraktu
Sources of ionising radiationradiationradiation

The origin of ionising radiation can be natural or artificial, caused through human activity. The effects of both kinds of ionisation are the same.

Natural sources of ionizing radiation
Radon
Definition: Radon
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nagranie abstraktu

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive gas which is colorless and odorless. It is produced from the uranium that is present in rocks and soils, well water and building materials. Exposure to radon radiation increases the risk of lung cancer.

Cosmic radiation
Definition: Cosmic radiation
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nagranie abstraktu

High‑energy radiationradiationradiation from either the Sun (solar radiation) or from outside the Solar System (galactic radiation) are constantly passing through the Earth. This radiation is called cosmic radiation. Radiation doses from cosmic radiation are greater at higher altitudes. People who are often flying are getting higher doses of radiation.

Natural radioactivity in soils
Definition: Natural radioactivity in soils
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nagranie abstraktu

Radionuclides of uranium, thorium and potassium are relatively abundant in rocks and soils. The gamma radiation emitted from these radionuclides gives us all a radiation dosedosedose.

Thoron
Definition: Thoron
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nagranie abstraktu

Thoron is a radon isotope, which is a naturally occurring radioactive gas. The main sourcesourcesource of thoron in indoor air is building materials. Radiation doses coming from thoron are much lower than those from radon.

Natural radioactivity in food
Definition: Natural radioactivity in food
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nagranie abstraktu

All foods contain natural radioactivity, which is transferred from the soil to the plants on land, to animals eating these plants and from water to fish in rivers, lakes, seas and oceans.

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Natural and artificial sources of radiation
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Artificial sources of ionizing radiation
Medical uses of radiation
Definition: Medical uses of radiation
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nagranie abstraktu

Many procedures in medical diagnosis involve exposure to radiationradiationradiation. The procedures that involve the use of radiation are: radiology, angiocardiograms, CT scans and nuclearnuclearnuclear medicine. All exposures to radiation used in medicine should be clinically justified.

Radiation in the workplace
Definition: Radiation in the workplace
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nagranie abstraktu

People working with radioactive materials may receive a radiation dosedosedose. Such doses are usually very low.

Radioactivity in the environment
Definition: Radioactivity in the environment
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nagranie abstraktu

Radioactivity is also present in our environmentenvironmentenvironment due to nuclearnuclearnuclear weapons testing, accidents at nuclear facilities and radioactive wastes from nuclear and other facilities.

Exercise 1
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nagranie abstraktu

Review the following sources of radiation and indicate where you might encounter them. Indicate whether the sourcesourcesource is non‑ionising radiation or ionising radiation.

Sources of radiation

Location

Characteristics

security scanners

Radon

smoke detectors

wireless technology

computed tomography
(CT) scanners

Radiation quantities and units

There are different units and quantities for measuring radioactivity and its effects.

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nagranie abstraktu
  • Radioactivity (A) refers to the amount of ionizing radiation released by a radioactive material. This represents how many atoms in the material decay in a given time period.
    The SI unit is becquerel (Bq).

    A=Nt

    where:
    - N - is a number of decays,
    - t - time.

    1Bq=1decay1s
  • Exposure describes the amount of radiation travelling through the air.
    The unit is coulombkilogramCkg.

  • Absorbed dosedosedose (D) refers to the amount of radiation absorbed by an object or person.
    The SI unit is gray (Gy).

    D=Em

    where:
    - E - energy of radiation absorbed by the body,
    - m - mass of the body.

    1Gy=1J1kg

Historical unit of absorbed dose is rad, 1 Gy = 100 rad.

  • Effective dose describes the amount of radiationradiationradiation absorbed by human tissues and organs. It takes into account the type and energy of radiation and its impact on particular organs.
    The SI unit is sievert (Sv).

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Radiation in daily life
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 2
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nagranie abstraktu

One litre of seawater has an activity of 10 Bq. Approximately how many nuclei decay every day in this quantity of seawater?

Remember
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nagranie abstraktu
  • There are two types of radiationradiationradiation: ionising and non‑ionising.

  • Non‑ionising radiation is usually harmless to living organisms while an exposure to ionising radiation can lead to severe damages in tissues.

Exercises

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Exercise 3
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. As isotopes decay they can turn into completely different elements., 2. Exposure to ionizing radiation can cause cancer., 3. The X-rays used at the dentist are non-ionising radiation., 4. Ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom.
Exercise 4

Find out in available sources what the different types of nuclear medicine scans are and how the nuclear medicine works.

Exercise 5

Explain in English why ionising radiation is dangerous.

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Exercise 6
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. jonizacja - ionisation, 2. promieniowanie - radiation, 3. jądrowy - nuclear, 4. dawka - dose, 5. emisja - excited, 6. źródło - environment
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

ionisation
ionisation

jonizacja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: ionisation
radiation
radiation

promieniowanie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: radiation
nuclear
nuclear

jądrowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: nuclear
dose
dose

dawka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: dose
emission
emission

emisja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: emission
excited
excited

wzbudzony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: excited
source
source

źródło

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wymowa w języku angielskim: source
environment
environment

środowisko

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wymowa w języku angielskim: environment

Keywords

ionisationionisationionisation

radiationradiationradiation

nuclearnuclearnuclear

dosedosedose

emissionemissionemission