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What is deflation? How are the dunes formed?

Source: licencja: CC 0, [online], dostępny w internecie: www.pixabay.com.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • how solar radiation affects changes in atmospheric pressure;

  • how wind is created;

  • in which parts of the Earth deserts have formed;

  • how rocks are impacted by weathering processes.

You will learn
  • to explain what deflation means;

  • to explain how dunes are created;

  • to describe the difference between a parabolic dune and a barchan.

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nagranie abstraktu

The blowing away of fine rock material by the wind is called deflationdeflationdeflation. Where rocks are loose or where the eluvium is composed of very fine particles, where it is dry and there is no vegetation, large‑area deflational depressions may form. When the bottom of the deflational depression in a desert reaches the groundwater level, an oasisoasisoasis may be created.

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Evaluate the effect of vegetation on the processes of deflation and parabolic dunes’ movement.
Source: licencja: CC 0.

The sand that is blown away can be carried over long distances. In places where the wind abates and is less able to transport materials, the sand settles down forming hills called dunesdunedunes. Their long windward slope (the slope exposed to the wind) rises gently. Each grain of sand is rolled upwards until the edge, beyond which, under the influence of gravity, it rolls down the leeward slope (sheltered from the wind) which is short and steep. In extremely dry climates, the wind moves the lower lateral parts of the dunes (where there is less sand) faster than the central parts (the highest). Due to this, the dune assumes a shape similar to that of a crescent Moon, with its arms pointing in the direction in which it is moving. Such dunes are called barchansbarchanbarchans. In moderate climates with higher rainfalls, the dune’s lateral arms are often overgrown with vegetation, while the central part is movable because it is made up of drier and looser sand and is not immobilized by plants. The dune’s shape also resembles a crescent Moon, but its arms are pointing backwards in relation to the direction of the dune’s motion. Such structures are called parabolic dunesparabolic duneparabolic dunes.

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Exercise 1
Match the type of dunes to its short characteristics barchans Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. dunes with a complicated shape, arising in areas where winds blow from different directions, 2. dunes in the shape of a crescent with arms directed in the direction of pouring sand, 3. dunes in the shape of a crescent with arms directed opposite to the direction of sand pouring parabolic dunes Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. dunes with a complicated shape, arising in areas where winds blow from different directions, 2. dunes in the shape of a crescent with arms directed in the direction of pouring sand, 3. dunes in the shape of a crescent with arms directed opposite to the direction of sand pouring starry dunes Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. dunes with a complicated shape, arising in areas where winds blow from different directions, 2. dunes in the shape of a crescent with arms directed in the direction of pouring sand, 3. dunes in the shape of a crescent with arms directed opposite to the direction of sand pouring
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Exercise 2
Co to jest deflacja?

Keywords

barchan, oasis, parabolic dunes, deflation

Glossary

barchan
barchan
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Nagranie słówka: barchan

barchan - ruchoma wydma częsta na obszarach suchych pustyń piaszczystych, w kształcie półksiężyca, o ramionach skierowanych zgodnie z kierunkiem przesypywania się wydmy i wyprzedzających jej centralną część

deflation
deflation
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Nagranie słówka: deflation

deflacja - proces wywiewania drobnego materiału skalnego

oasis
oasis
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Nagranie słówka: oasis

oaza - teren pokryty bujną roślinnością, otoczony pustynią; rozwój roślinności możliwy jest na skutek dostępności wód podziemnych, położonych płytko pod powierzchnią gruntu

dune
dune
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Nagranie słówka: dune

wydma - wzniesienie zbudowane z piasku przyniesionego przez wiatr

parabolic dune
parabolic dune
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Nagranie słówka: parabolic dune

paraboliczna wydma -ruchoma wydma występująca na obszarach o wilgotnym klimacie, przyjmująca kształt półksiężyca o ramionach skierowanych przeciwnie do kierunku przesypywania się wydmy i pozostających w tyle za jej centralną częścią