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Melting and solidification part 2

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Wpływ temperatury na zmiany stanu skupienia ciał

Topnienie, Krzepnięcie, Parowanie, Wrzenie, Skraplanie, Sublimacja, Resublimacja

You will learn
  • the temperature‑dependent physical processes,

  • the English vocabulary related to temperature‑dependent physical processes.

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Take a look at the following photo and tell what processes are shown in the picture.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Watch slideshow “Determining the melting pointmelting pointmelting point and the solidification of calcium oxalate”.

Note:

  • Calcium oxalate - an organic chemical compound, calcium salt of oxalic acid. This compound is contained in crop plants, among others in sorrel. It is not absorbed by people.

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Pokaz slajdów - wyznaczanie temperatury topnienia i krzepnięcia szczawianu potasu. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 1

Answer the questions.

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  1. At what temperature does calcium oxalate start to melt?

  2. At what temperature does calcium oxalate start to solidify?

  3. What happens to its molecules during this process?

  4. Which of these processes needs energy delivered?

  5. During which process the energy is given up by the body?

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Look at photographs of three amorphous bodies (they do not have a regular internal structure), which through heating become softer, plastic and liquid.

Exercise 2
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Answer the following questions:

  1. Are you able to determine the melting temperature of the substances which are shown in the photographs?

  2. Will these substances have a constant melting pointmelting pointmelting point?

  3. Does the molecular structure of the body affect its melting pointmelting pointmelting point?

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Conclusion
  • In the examples presented here, the phenomenon of melting bodies occurs gradually in a certain temperature range.

  • This phenomenon is called softening.

  • Softening occurs in solid bodies whose molecules do not form a regular internal structure.

Experiment 1
Research problem

Determination of the boiling point of water.

Hypothesis

During heating, the water temperature rises until a constant temperature of 100°C is reached. It is the boiling point of the water.

You will need
  1. a beaker

  2. a burner

  3. water

  4. a thermometer

  5. a watch

  6. a beaker rack

  7. the thermometer handle

Instruction
  1. Fill the beaker with water to approximately 3/4 of its volume.

  2. Put the beaker into the rack over the burner.

  3. Place the thermometer on a tripod in such way that its tip is dipped in water (the tip of the thermometer cannot touch the bottom or the sides of the container).

  4. Record the water temperature.

  5. Turn on the burner.

  6. Record the temperature every 45 seconds until the water boils.

  7. Record the temperature for the next 135 seconds.

  8. Make a graph of the temperature value of water since its heating.

Summary

The temperature rise of water took place until it reached a constant temperature of 100°C. At this temperature, the water boiled. The unchanging temperature indicates that it is a phase transition. In this case, it is the transformation of the liquid phase into a gas phase.

Exercise 3
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Read the questions and answers concerning water condensation.

  1. What is the process reverse to evaporationevaporationevaporation?

  2. At what temperature is the water condensation process observed in nature?

  3. What is the water temperature obtained during this experiment?

Exercise 4
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Suggest an experiment in which it is possible to observe the process of water condensation.

Summary
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  • The melting phenomenon consists of changing the state from solid into liquid. It occurs at a constant temperature, called the melting temperature. Freezing is a change in the state of body focus from liquid to solid. This process occurs when the bodies are cooled. Cooling is needed to absorb heat. This process is reversible, it can run in the opposite direction (melting) when the body starts to be heated. Heating is necessary here because the body absorbs heat when it melts. The melting point is the same as the freezing point. The temperatures described are different for different substances. Some bodies change from solid to liquid state gradually in a certain temperature range. You can not give one specific transformation temperature value for them. This process is called softening.

  • The condensation phenomenon is a process that is the reverse of the process of liquid evaporation. The liquid evaporation process occurs on the surface of the liquid, if this process takes place in its whole volume then it is called boiling. Evaporation requires providing the evaporation heat to the body, and condensation requires the condensation heat to be dissipated into the environment.

Exercises

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Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Select physical changes in which the heat absorption comes from the environment. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. evaporation, 2. boiling, 3. melting, 4. softening, 5. sublimation, 6. liquefaction, 7. solidification, 8. deposition
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 6

Explain why the glass is covered with droplets of water when you pour a cold drink removed from the fridge into the glass. Write what process takes place there.

Exercise 7

Write in English in which climate do people tolerate heat better: wet or dry? Why?

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Exercise 8
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. przemiana fazowa - phase transition, 2. mięknięcie - softening, 3. temperatura topnienia - melting point, 4. temperatura wrzenia - boiling point, 5. para nasycona - water vapour, 6. para wodna - saturated steam
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

boiling point
boiling point

temperatura wrzenia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: boiling point
evaporation
evaporation

parowanie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: evaporation
melting point
melting point

temperatura topnienia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: melting point
saturated steam
saturated steam

para nasycona

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wymowa w języku angielskim: saturated steam
softening
softening

mięknięcie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: softening

Keywords

softeningsofteningsoftening

melting pointmelting pointmelting point

boiling pointboiling pointboiling point