Topicm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528449000663_0Topic

Ultrasounds

Levelm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

VIII. Vibrating motion and waves. The student:

8) distinguishes audible sounds, ultrasoundsultrasoundsultrasounds and infrasounds; lists examples of their sources and applications.

Timingm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Presenting the properties of ultrasounds.

Key competencesm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Defining the ultrasound.

2. Presenting the properties and parameters of ultrasounds.

3. Appling ultrasound in industry and medicine.

Operational (detailed) goalsm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- defines ultrasounds and indicates their properties,

- presents the application of ultrasounds in industry and medicine.

Methodsm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion about new material.

2. Discussion developing in the course of common problem solving by a class or group.

Forms of workm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Working in groups on doing problem tasks.

2. Cooperation between the student and the teacher in solving problems.

Lesson stages

Introductionm9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528450127855_0Introduction

Please prepare the answers to the following questions:

1. What is a sound wave?
2. List the properties of sounds.
3. What is the audibility area?

Procedurem9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528446435040_0Procedure

What are ultrasoundsultrasoundsultrasounds?

Ultrasounds - soundsoundsound waves whose the frequencyfrequencyfrequency is too high for a man to hear. The frequencyfrequencyfrequency of 20 kHz is considered to be the upper limit of audible frequencies, at the same time the lower limit of ultrasound, although for many people the limit is much lower.

Do animals hear ultrasounds?

Some animals can hear ultrasounds and some animals even emit them and use as echolocation. Dogs, mice and rats can hear up to 40 kHz. On the other hand, dolphins and bats emit ultrasounds – echolocation.

How are the sounds generated?

The generation of ultrasound often takes place in the inverse piezoelectric effect - the quartz plate is stimulated to the resonance vibrations with alternating electrical potential.

Describe the basic parameters associated with ultrasoundsultrasoundsultrasounds.

Ultrasound parameters:

- The frequency of waves (f) is constant for a given generator and does not change when waves pass through different media.
- In the diagnostics, waves with frequencies of 1 to 15 MHz are used and in therapy the frequency range is from 0,8 MHz to 2,4 MHz.
- Ultrasonic waves velocity is different in various media: in the air it is ~ 340 ms, in water 1500 ms, in skull bones 3400 ms, in fat tissue 1440 ms, in muscles 1580 ms.
- The ultrasonic wavelength depends on the frequency and speed of the wave spreading: λ = vf.
- The intensity of the wave decreases with the distance from the source, and the faster the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.
m9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1527752256679_0- The frequency of waves (f) is constant for a given generator and does not change when waves pass through different media.
- In the diagnostics, waves with frequencies of 1 to 15 MHz are used and in therapy the frequency range is from 0,8 MHz to 2,4 MHz.
- Ultrasonic waves velocity is different in various media: in the air it is ~ 340 ms, in water 1500 ms, in skull bones 3400 ms, in fat tissue 1440 ms, in muscles 1580 ms.
- The ultrasonic wavelength depends on the frequency and speed of the wave spreading: λ = vf.
- The intensity of the wave decreases with the distance from the source, and the faster the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength.

Indicate the basic properties of ultrasounds.

Properties of ultrasounds:

- Due to the low wavelength, ultrasounds are quickly suppressedsuppressedsuppressed in the air, but they spread very well in water.
- They strongly reflect on the border between two media.
- They can be easily and precisely focused, creating a thin beam (ray).
- High‑intensity ultrasounds can destroy or heat objects by which they are absorbed.

Application of ultrasoundsultrasoundsultrasounds.
Ultrasounds have found numerous applications in various areas of life.

[Slideshow]

Briefly describe the operation of the ultrasound.

Ultrasonography (USG) is the most well‑known example of the application of ultrasoundsultrasoundsultrasounds in medicine. The wave is reflected on the border between two media. These media differ in their density and the speed of soundsoundsound propagation. Because various organs in the human body have different densities, the ultrasound wave is reflected partly from the media boundaries and it is recorded by the probe. The wave penetrates the body further and it is again partially reflected from the other border. The resulting reflected impulses are recorded and give an image of the internal structure of the human body.

Many people wonder why the gel lubricates the skin surface before ultrasonography is used. The reason for applying the gel is that in the air the wave spreads at a completely different speed than in the skin and would be very strongly reflected from the surface of the skin. The velocity of sound spreading in the gel is similar to the speed obtained in the skin, the reflectionreflectionreflection is negligible and the wave can go deep into the body. It is worth noting that the frequencyfrequencyfrequency of vibrations while passing through different media does not change. However, the wavelength associated with the speed at which the wave propagates in a given environment changes.

What physical and physiological effects cause ultrasoundsultrasoundsultrasounds.

Ultrasounds create interesting physical and physiological effects: for example, liquids that do not mix with each other, subjected to ultrasounds, create emulsions (e.g. water and mercury) within a few minutes. A thermometer dipped in oil, in which ultrasonic waves propagate, cannot be touched by hand, because it is possible to scald under the influence of ultrasounds, even though the thermometer shows a low temperature. Ultrasounds kill microbes and some smaller animals, such as frogs and fish. It is worth to recall a certain curiosity of nature: bats respond to frequencies up to 100 kHz, and in addition they use ultrasounds to determine the position of the barrier. They send ultrasonic pulses with a frequency of 35 to 70 kHz and a duration of 1100s, and then they listen to impulses reflected from the barrier. From the time delay (similar to the usage of the radar), the bats assess the position of the barrier. Studying similar „apparatus” in living nature for their use in technology, is the subject of a new science - bionics.m9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1527752263647_0Ultrasounds create interesting physical and physiological effects: for example, liquids that do not mix with each other, subjected to ultrasounds, create emulsions (e.g. water and mercury) within a few minutes. A thermometer dipped in oil, in which ultrasonic waves propagate, cannot be touched by hand, because it is possible to scald under the influence of ultrasounds, even though the thermometer shows a low temperature. Ultrasounds kill microbes and some smaller animals, such as frogs and fish. It is worth to recall a certain curiosity of nature: bats respond to frequencies up to 100 kHz, and in addition they use ultrasounds to determine the position of the barrier. They send ultrasonic pulses with a frequency of 35 to 70 kHz and a duration of 1100s, and then they listen to impulses reflected from the barrier. From the time delay (similar to the usage of the radar), the bats assess the position of the barrier. Studying similar „apparatus” in living nature for their use in technology, is the subject of a new science - bionics.

Lesson summarym9b27e565a8a1cc0e_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

UltrasoundsultrasoundsUltrasounds - soundsoundsound waves whose the frequencyfrequencyfrequency is too high for a man to hear. The frequency of 20 kHz is considered to be the upper limit of audible frequencies, at the same time the lower limit of ultrasound, although for many people the limit is much lower. Some animals can hear ultrasounds and some animals even emit them and use as echolocation. Dogs, mice and rats can hear up to 40 kHz. On the other hand, dolphins and bats emit ultrasounds – echolocation.

Thanks to the short wavelength ultrasounds allow to obtain detailed images of objects. The device that allows observation of deep sea is sonar. It is used to locate all objects submerged in water. Sonars were used in submarines.

Ultrasounds are also used in medicine. The image of internal organs can be obtained using a device that generates and registers ultrasound waves.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

audibility of the soundaudibility of the soundaudibility of the sound

frequencyfrequencyfrequency

reflectionreflectionreflection

ultrasoundsultrasoundsultrasounds

soundsoundsound

submarinesubmarinesubmarine

suppressedsuppressedsuppressed

three‑dimensionalthree‑dimensionalthree‑dimensional

ultrasound scannerultrasound scannerultrasound scanner

wavelengthwavelengthwavelength

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ultrasounds1
ultrasounds

ultradźwięki

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wymowa w języku angielskim: ultrasounds
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sound

dźwięk

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wymowa w języku angielskim: sound
frequency1
frequency

częstotliwość

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suppressed

stłumiony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: suppressed
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reflection

odbicie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: reflection
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ultrasound scanner

ultrasonograf

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wymowa w języku angielskim: ultrasound scanner
audibility of the sound1
audibility of the sound

słyszalność dźwięku

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wymowa w języku angielskim: audibility of the sound
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three‑dimensional

trójwymiarowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: three‑dimensional
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submarine

łódź podwodna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: submarine
wavelength1
wavelength

długość fali

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wymowa w języku angielskim: wavelength