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Transmission of heat in the phenomenon of conductivity. The role of thermal insulation

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Przekazywanie ciepła w zjawisku przewodnictwa. Rola izolacji cieplnej

You will learn
  • to classify substances due to their heat conduction ability and explain the role of thermal insulation in English.

Introductory questions.

  1. What is the temperature?

  2. Is there a relationship between the temperature of the body and the kinetic energy of the moving molecules/atoms from which the body is built?

  3. What condition must be met to let the heat flow between the two bodies?

Compare your answers with the conclusion presented below.

Conclusion

Temperature is a physical quantity describing the condition of the body. It characterizes the average kinetic energy of moving and vibrating molecules and atoms from which the body is built and the energy of interactions between them. The higher the temperature of the body, the higher the average kinetic energy of the moving atoms and molecules in it. If, on the other hand, the body temperature drops, then also the molecules and atoms of the body move more slowly.

Experiment
Experiment 1
Research problem
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nagranie abstraktu

Research on the phenomenonphenomenonphenomenon of heat conduction in solid bodies.

You will need
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  • a metal rod (for example made of aluminum) with the length of approximately 40 cm,

  • gas or spirit burner,

  • a tripod with handles and wooden pliers,

  • 4 beads attached with paraffin to the rod.

Instruction
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1. Attach the beads to the rod at equal distances using paraffin: one at the end and the other two at the distance 15 and 30 cm from this end. Leave the other end of the rod free.
2. Secure the rod on a tripod in the horizontal position.
3. Light the burner and put the end of the rod on which there is no bead in the flame.
4. Observe the behavior of beads attached to the rod. Make a note of your observations.

Summary
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Conclusions

1. The observations made show that the temperature of the entire rod gradually increases, even though only one of its ends is placed in the flame.

2. We do not observe any movement of the entire rod, even though energy is transported through the rod. This method of energy transport is called thermal conductivity.

The average kinetic energy of the molecules in the body with a higher temperature is higher than the energy in the body with lower temperature. When particles collide, some of the kinetic energy is transferred to another molecule. At any moment there are a lot of such collisions and energy is successively passed from the body with a higher temperature to the body with a lower temperature.

Exercise 1

Answer the questions.

1. What is the direct cause of heat conduction?
2. Describe the mechanism of energy transfer in the thermal conduction process.    
3. Is the mass transfer over distance during thermal conduction?    
4. What conditions must be met for the energy transfer process to cease?

Experiment
Experiment 2
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Repeat experiment 1, but at the same time use two bars with beads attached with paraffin. The bars should be made of steel and aluminum.

Describe your observations.

Summary
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Conclusions

1. The time in which the beads came away from the bars was nonidentical for each bar. This means that the speed at which thermal energy is transported is different for various materials. We say that various materials have different thermal conductivity coefficients.

2. The beads attached to the aluminum rod came away from it earlier then the beads attached to the steel one. This means that heat energy is transported faster in aluminum.

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nagranie abstraktu

There are four factors which influence how quickly heat is transferred through an object. The mathematical relationship that has been observed and tested experimentally is expressed by the following formula:

Qt=k·A·ΔTd

The letter Q stands for the amount of heat that was transferred at time t, k is the thermal conductivity coefficient of the material, A is the area of the cross sectioncross sectioncross section of the body, ΔT is the temperature differencetemperature differencetemperature difference at its ends, and d the distance that the heat must be transferred over.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Ilustracja interaktywna przedstawia model układu doświadczalnego, w którym można zaobserwować proces przewodnictwa cieplnego. Na środku pręt poziomy oznaczony numerem 1, o długości d oznaczonej numerem 7 i przekroju poprzecznym A oznaczonym numerem 8. Prawa strona pręta oznaczona numerem 4, lewa strona pręta oznaczona numerem 5. Kolor pręta od prawej pomarańczowy, symbolizujący pręt ogrzany, przechodzi płynnie do niebieskiego po lewej symbolizujący pręt zimny. Na pręcie umieszczone trzy koraliki równomiernie rozłożone oznaczone numerem 3. Na każdym koraliku parafina oznaczona numerem 2. Nad nimi termometry wskazujące od prawej: 48 stopni Celsjusza, 32 stopnie Celsjusza, 17 stopni Celsjusza. Pod prawym końcem pręta palnik oznaczony numerem 6. Po lewej stronie pręta uchwyt mocujący go w pozycji poziomej. Na ilustracji widoczne są numery, a na nich podpisy. 1. pręt - bar, made of a material with a coefficient of thermal conductivity k {audio}, 2. parafina - paraffin {audio}, 3. koraliki - beads used in the experiment {audio}, 4. koniec pręta z wyższą temperaturą - the end of the bar with a higher temperature {audio}, 5. koniec pręta z niższą temperaturą - end of the bar with lower temperature {audio}, 6. źródło ciepła - source of heat {audio}, 7. długość pręta - d - the length of the heated rod {audio}, 8. przekrój pręta - A - cross-section {audio}.
Mechanism of heat conductivity
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

The heat can also be conducted through glass in the windows of our houses or through a layer of fat in animals.

Examples of the k coefficient values for different materials are presented below.

Example values of heat conduction coefficients

Material

Thermal conductivity coefficient [WmK]

graphene

4840 to 5300

diamond

900 to 2320

silver

429

copper

370 to 400

gold

317

aluminium alloys

200

brass

110

nickel

90,7

steel

58

reinforced concrete

1,7

brick

0,8

water

0,6

gypsum

0,51

wood

0,2

cork

0,05

glass wool

0,030 to 0,042

mineral wool

0,035 to 0,045

cellulose

0,039

glass wool

0,038

styrofoam

0,036

air

0,025

carbon dioxide

0,014

argon

0,017

Thermal conductor
Definition: Thermal conductor
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Materials which easily and quickly transport heat are called thermal conductors.

Thermal insulator
Definition: Thermal insulator
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Materials which slowly transport thermal energy are called thermal insulators.

Summary
  • Thermal conductivity consist in transferring energy between touching bodies or areas of one body, which temperatures are different.

  • As a result of this phenomenon the temperature of the body, or a part of the body, tends to equalize. The mechanism of thermal conductivity is based on direct transfer of kinetic energy between molecules or atoms of matter.

  • Taking the ability to transport thermal energy into account, we divide the substances into:

    • heat conductors - thermal energy is transported in them quickly and easily,

    • thermal insulators - transport of thermal energy takes place slowly.

  • The best heat conductors are: metals (also liquid) and diamond.

  • Good heat insulators are: gases, glass wool, cork or polystyrene.

Exercises

Zapoznaj się z treścią abstraktu i na podstawie uzyskanych informacji wymień trzy substancje, które są dobrymi przewodnikami ciepła i trzy, które nie są dobrymi przewodnikami ciepła.
Zapoznaj się z treścią abstraktu i na podstawie uzyskanych informacji wymień trzy substancje, które są dobrymi przewodnikami ciepła i trzy, które nie są dobrymi przewodnikami ciepła.
Exercise 3

Heat penetrates the walls of the apartment at the speed of 200 kJ per second. The temperature outside is -20°C, and the temperature inside the apartment is 20°C. How much heat will penetrate the walls of the house within 1 h when:

a) the outside temperature increases to -10°C and the temperature inside the apartment does not change?

b) the outside temperature increases to -5°C and the temperature in the apartment is reduced twice?

Exercise 4

Present a brief answer in English to each question.

1. What is the reason for using two sheets of glass separated by an empty space in the double‑pane window construction? Is this space really empty?

2. On a cold day it is advisable to dress like „an onion”, i.e. dressing several layers of clothing. This gives a better insulation than a single layer of thick clothing. Why?

3. Using metal utensils to drink beverages can cause burns. Why does this happen?

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Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. przepływ ciepła - heat flow, 2. szybkość przepływu ciepła - heat flow rate, 3. różnica temperatur - temperature difference, 4. przewodnik - conductor, 5. izolator - kinetic energy, 6. przewodnik cieplny - phenomenon
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

conductor
conductor

przewodnik

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wymowa w języku angielskim: conductor
cross section
cross section

przekrój poprzeczny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: cross section
heat flow
heat flow

przepływ ciepła

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wymowa w języku angielskim: heat flow
insulator
insulator

izolator

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wymowa w języku angielskim: insulator
kinetic energy
kinetic energy

energia kinetyczna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: kinetic energy
phenomenon
phenomenon

zjawisko

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wymowa w języku angielskim: phenomenon
temperature difference
temperature difference

różnica temperatur

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wymowa w języku angielskim: temperature difference
thermal conductor
thermal conductor

przewodnik ciepła

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wymowa w języku angielskim: thermal conductor
thermal insulation
thermal insulation

izolacja termiczna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: thermal insulation

Keywords

conductorconductorconductor

heat flowheat flowheat flow

temperature differencetemperature differencetemperature difference

thermal conductorthermal conductorthermal conductor

thermal insulationthermal insulationthermal insulation