genes exist in varieties called alleles that can be dominant or recessive;
the A and B antigens present on the surface of erythrocytes determine the group of human blood;
serological conflict can occur when the mother has a blood group Rh- and the child Rh+.
You will learn
describe the inheritance of selected traits in humans;
analyze inheritance schemes for determining the phenotype and genotype of offspring (blood groups in the ABO, Rh system);
analyze the inheritance of the blood group in example families.
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Inheritance of blood groups
Quite often, one gene has more than two alleles. Alleles present in more than two forms are called multiple allelesmultiple allelesmultiple alleles. A good example of a gene having several varieties is a gene that determines blood groups in humans. It occurs in three alleles: IIndeks górny AA, IIndeks górny BB, i. The first two, as indicated by the record, are the dominant alleles, and the third - the recessive allele. In addition, alleles IIndeks górny AA, IIndeks górny BB they are equal to each other, which means that one does not dominate the other. Each man inherits only two alleles conditioning a specific blood group: one after father and the other after mother.
In ABOABOABO system four blood types occur: A, B, AB and O.
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Blood group O is conditioned by genotype ii and group AB by genotype IIndeks górny AAIIndeks górny BB. Groups A and B can be determined by two genotypes. A person with blood group B may have a genotype IIndeks górny BBIIndeks górny BBor IIndeks górny BBi. Another, with group A, may have a genotype IIndeks górny AA IIndeks górny AA or IIndeks górny AA i . To predict blood groups of the offspring, genetic crosses should be written.
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Task 1
Determine which blood group the children of the marriage in which the woman has blood type 0 and the male AB will have. Save and explain the genetic cross.
Inheritance of the Rh factor
Rh factorRh factorRh factor is a substance, also called D antigen, appearing on the surface of erythrocytes in 85% of people. In humans, the gene in two variants corresponds to the inheritance of the Rh factor: Rh+ i Rh-. The Rh+ allele is the dominant allele and the Rh- allele is the recessive allele. Accordingly, people who have the Rh+ Rh+ or Rh+ Rh- genotype have Rh factor (D antigen) on the surface of the erythrocytes and people who have the Rh‑Rh- genotype don't have Rh factor.
The offspring of a man who is heterozygous with the Rh + blood group and a woman with the Rh- blood group may have Rh+ or Rh- blood groups. If the Rh factor is incompatible between the mother and her unborn child, i.e. when the Rh‑mother's child, inherits the Rh+ from the father, it results in a serological conflictserological conflictserological conflict.
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It only happens when the mother is a Rh‑recessive homozygote. When a father gives Rh+ to his child, their child will be heterozygous, which means that a Rh factor will appear in his blood.
Task 2
Determine which genotypes and phenotypes can the children have of a marriage, in which both parents have a Rh+ blood group. Consider all possibilities.
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It is worth noting your blood group. Adults who know theirs can respond to calls for specific blood groups, especially rare ones. On the basis of the knowledge of the principles of inheritance of blood groups, paternity can be excluded in some cases.
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Exercise 1
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Exercise 2
Ćwiczenie Wyjaśnij kluczowe pojęcia związane z tematem abstraktu.
Ćwiczenie Wyjaśnij kluczowe pojęcia związane z tematem abstraktu.
Match the genotypes of children to the genotypes of their parents.
genotype children I<sup>A</sup>i or I<sup>B</sup>i, genotype of children I<sup>A</sup>I<sup>A</sup> or I<sup>A</sup>i<sup></sup> or ii, all children with a genotype Rh- Rh-, genotype of children Rh+Rh- or Rh-Rh-
both parents genotype IAi
both parents with the Rh- Rh- genotype
one of the parents with the genotype ii and the other with the genotype IAIB
one of the parents with the Rh+ Rh- genotype and the other with the Rh- Rh- genotype
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Exercise 3
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Exercise 4
Summary
Most human traits are conditioned by a set of many genes that occur in the form of two or more alleles.
Few human traits inherit monogenes (they are conditioned by one gene that can exist in two or more alleles); belong to them, among others blood group and Rh factor.
Blood groups in the ABO system are conditioned by the presence of two of the three alleles: I Indeks górny A Indeks górny koniecA , I Indeks górny B Indeks górny koniecB and i.
The presence of the Rh factor in human blood depends on two alleles: the dominant allele – Rh+ and the recessive allele – Rh-.
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Homework
Task 3.1
Czy rodzice z grupami krwi A i B mogą mieć dzieci z grupą krwi O?
Czy rodzice z grupami krwi A i B mogą mieć dzieci z grupą krwi O?
When writing out the appropriate genetic cross, determine whether parents with blood groups A and B may have children with blood group O.
Keywords
blood group, Rh factor, alleles
Glossary
multiple alleles
multiple alleles
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allele wielokrotne – allele genu występujące w populacji w więcej niż dwóch postaciach, np. allele warunkujące grupę krwi u człowieka (IIndeks górny AA, IIndeks górny BB, i )
Rh factor
Rh factor
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czynnik Rh – gen, który występuje na powierzchni czerwonych krwinek u 85% ludzkiej populacji
serological conflict
serological conflict
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konflikt serologiczny – może wystąpić w okresie ciąży między matką Rh- uczuloną na czynnik Rh i dzieckiem Rh+; jego skutkiem jest niszczenie erytrocytów dziecka, co może doprowadzić do obumarcia płodu i jego poronienia
ABO
ABO
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układ ABO – jeden z głównych układów grupowych krwi człowieka, oparty na obecności na powierzchni erytrocytów antygenów A i B