What changes do fats undergo in human and animal bodies?
Fats undergo hydrolysis, i.e., they decompose forming glycerol and fatty acid. This process takes place in the digestive tract under the influence of enzymes, and is an energy source. The following is a simplified scheme for these processes.
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Ilustracja przedstawia uproszczone schematy hydrolizy. Tłuszcz dodać woda strzałka w prawo, nad nią napis: enzymy, glicerol dodać kwasy tłuszczowe. Tristearynian glicerolu dodać trzy cząsteczki wody strzałka w prawo nad nią napis enzymy glicerol dodać trzy cząsteczki kwasu stearynowego.
Simplified schemes for the process of hydrolisys
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
How is margarine made?
Liquid fats are subjected to a process of industrial hardening which results in margarine. This process consists in catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated fats. The result is saturated compounds – solid fats.
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Wzór: Trioleinian glicerolu (płynny tłuszcz) dodać trzy cząsteczki wodoru strzałka w prawo tristearynian glicerolu (stały tłuszcz)
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Is it possible to obtain soap from fats?
An important process undergone by fats is their saponification. This reaction involves heating of fats in the presence of sodium or potassium hydroxide. The product of this reaction is sodium and potassium salts of higher carboxylic acids, i.e., soaps.
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Ilustracja interaktywna. Ilustracja podzielona na dwie części. Po lewej stronie pół margaryny, po prawej polowa mydła. Opis: 1. Margarine Liquid fats are subjected to a process of industrial hardening which results in margarine. This process consists in catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated fats. The result are saturated compounds – solid fats., 2. Soap An important process undergone by fats is their saponification. This reaction involves heating of fats in the presence of sodium or potassium hydroxide. The product of this reaction are sodium and potassium salts of higher carboxylic acids, i.e., soaps.
Ilustracja interaktywna. Ilustracja podzielona na dwie części. Po lewej stronie pół margaryny, po prawej polowa mydła. Opis: 1. Margarine Liquid fats are subjected to a process of industrial hardening which results in margarine. This process consists in catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated fats. The result are saturated compounds – solid fats., 2. Soap An important process undergone by fats is their saponification. This reaction involves heating of fats in the presence of sodium or potassium hydroxide. The product of this reaction are sodium and potassium salts of higher carboxylic acids, i.e., soaps.
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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wzór: tripalmitynian glicerolu w postaci stałego tłuszczu dodać trzy cząsteczki wodorotlenku sodu strzałka w prawo glicerol dodać trzy cząsteczki palmitynianu sodu, czyli mydło
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Are all fatty substances fats? Are vegetable oil and diesel oil fats?
When vegetable oil is heated intensely, a substance with a suffocating odour is released. This substance is acrolein. It causes severe irritation of mucous membranes, eyes and upper airways. It is toxic and carcinogenic, which is why fats should not be overheated. This is an identification reaction for fats (the so‑called acrolein testacrolein testacrolein test). Identification reactionidentification reactionIdentification reaction is a reaction that allows to identify a particular compound or group of compounds. Mineral oils do not form such a product when heated.
Task 1
Before you watch the movie „How to distinguish vegetable oil from mineral oil”, write down the research question and the hypothesis. During the screening, pay attention to what happens. Write down the observations and conclusions.
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Wykonaj ćwiczenie zgodnie z poleceniem.
Wykonaj ćwiczenie zgodnie z poleceniem.
Analysis of the experiment: „How to distinguish vegetable oil from mineral oil”
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Nagranie filmowe dotyczące eksperymentu. Tytuł "Odróżnianie oleju roślinnego od mineralnego". W jednej probówce olej mineralny bezbarwny. W drugiej probówce olej roślinny - żółty. Do naczynia żaroodpornego wlewamy olej mineralny - podgrzewamy nad płomieniem. Zaczyna bulgotać. Następnie do naczynia wlewamy olej roślinny - na skutek podgrzewania zaczyna się przypalać.
Nagranie filmowe dotyczące eksperymentu. Tytuł "Odróżnianie oleju roślinnego od mineralnego". W jednej probówce olej mineralny bezbarwny. W drugiej probówce olej roślinny - żółty. Do naczynia żaroodpornego wlewamy olej mineralny - podgrzewamy nad płomieniem. Zaczyna bulgotać. Następnie do naczynia wlewamy olej roślinny - na skutek podgrzewania zaczyna się przypalać.
How to distinguish vegetable oil from mineral oil
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Nagranie filmowe dotyczące eksperymentu. Tytuł "Odróżnianie oleju roślinnego od mineralnego". W jednej probówce olej mineralny bezbarwny. W drugiej probówce olej roślinny - żółty. Do naczynia żaroodpornego wlewamy olej mineralny - podgrzewamy nad płomieniem. Zaczyna bulgotać. Następnie do naczynia wlewamy olej roślinny - na skutek podgrzewania zaczyna się przypalać.
What is this a definition of? Fill in. (Tu uzupełnij) is an identification reaction for fats; consists in intense heating of fats during which acrolein is released – a toxic substance with a strong, suffocating odor
What is this a definition of? Fill in. (Tu uzupełnij) is an identification reaction for fats; consists in intense heating of fats during which acrolein is released – a toxic substance with a strong, suffocating odor
What is this a definition of? Fill in.
.......................... is an identification reaction for fats; consists in intense heating of fats during which acrolein is released – a toxic substance with a strong, suffocating odor
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Exercise 2
Indicate sentences that are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Another way to say 'hardening of fats' is 'hydrogenation'., 2. Hydrogenation of fats consists in a reaction with a sodium hydroxide solution, which produces soap., 3. Saponification consists in removal of greasy stains e.g. from fabrics., 4. The acrolein test makes it possible to distinguish solid fat from liquid fat., 5. Glycerol trioleate is a liquid fat.
Indicate sentences that are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Another way to say 'hardening of fats' is 'hydrogenation'., 2. Hydrogenation of fats consists in a reaction with a sodium hydroxide solution, which produces soap., 3. Saponification consists in removal of greasy stains e.g. from fabrics., 4. The acrolein test makes it possible to distinguish solid fat from liquid fat., 5. Glycerol trioleate is a liquid fat.
Mark sentences that are true.
Another way to say 'hardening of fats' is 'hydrogenation'.
Hydrogenation of fats consists in a reaction with a sodium hydroxide solution, which produces soap.
Saponification consists in removal of greasy stains e.g. from fabrics.
The acrolein test makes it possible to distinguish solid fat from liquid fat.
Glycerol trioleate is a liquid fat.
Conclusion
Fats are esters of glycerol and higher carboxylic acids.
Fats can be divided – by their state of aggregation – into solid and liquid ones.
Fats are divided according to their origin into vegetable and animal fats.
Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij). 6. Today I found out (uzupełnij). 7. I was interested in (uzupełnij). 8. I still have to repeat (uzupełnij).
Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij). 6. Today I found out (uzupełnij). 7. I was interested in (uzupełnij). 8. I still have to repeat (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Homework
Task 2.1
Omów proces powstawania estrów.
Omów proces powstawania estrów.
Write the chemical equation of glycerol esterification with three molecules of stearic acid.
Keywords
fats, solid fats, liquid fats, animal fats, vegetable fats, double bond, single bond
próba akroleinowa – reakcja charakterystyczna tłuszczów; polega na silnym ogrzewaniu tłuszczów, podczas którego wydziela się akroleina – substancja toksyczna o ostrym, duszącym zapachu
