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External photoelectric effect and its application

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Zewnętrzny efekt fotoelektryczny i jego zastosowanie

You will learn
  • what the photoelectric effect is,

  • to explain the causes of the photoelectric effect.

Before you start answer the question.

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  • Explain what a photon is and how its energy is defined.

Photoelectric effect
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When light is incidentincidentincident on the metal surfacesurfacesurface, electrons are emitted from it. This phenomenon is called photoelectric effectphotoelectric effectphotoelectric effect. These electrons are called photoelectrons and the electric currentcurrentcurrent produced by the photoelectrons is called photoelectric current.

The outermost shelloutermost shelloutermost shell of an atom is occupied by valence electronvalence electronsvalence electrons. They are relatively loosely attached to the atom. A specific energy is needed to remove the valence electrons from the atom. This energy is provided by the incident light.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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The photoelectric effect occurs under certain conditions.

  • The frequency ν of the incidentincidentincident light must be above a minimal value called threshold frequencythreshold frequencythreshold frequency ν0, which is specific for any material.

  • High‑frequency light (light with short wavelengths) have energy greater then low‑frequency light (light with long wavelengths).

  • In order for the electron to be emitted from the metal surfacesurfacesurface, it must gain from an incident quantum of light or photon more energy than the work functionwork functionwork function - the quantity that characterizes a given metal. The kinetic energy of photoelectrons increases with increasing frequency of incident light (energy of incident photons).

Photoelectron
Definition: Photoelectron
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Photoelectron is an electron emitted from a metal surface by interaction with an incident photon.

Work function
Definition: Work function
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Work functionwork functionWork function is a minimum energy required to eject an electron from a metal surface.

Task 1
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Look at the slideshow and learn what kind of an experimental setup is necessary to observe the photoelectric effectphotoelectric effectphotoelectric effect. Try to formulate some general conclusions.

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Pokaz slajdów przedstawia jakiego rodzaju zestaw eksperymentalny jest niezbędny do zarejestrowania efektu fotoelektrycznego. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Photoelectric effect
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Observations
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If the incidentincidentincident light frequency is less than the threshold frequencythreshold frequencythreshold frequency, increasing the light intensity does not help and the electrons will not be emitted from the metal surface.

The photoelectric currentcurrentcurrent increases as the light intensity increases, given that the frequency of light is greater than the threshold frequency.

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The relation between the energy of incident photon, work function and kinetic energy of emitted photon is described by the Einstein‑Millikan equation:

hv=W+Ek

where:

h - the Plank constant 6,63 · 10Indeks górny -34 J·s,

ν - the frequency of the incidentincidentincident light (Hz),

W - the work functionwork functionwork function (J),

EIndeks dolny k - the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted electrons (J).

The relation between the work function at the threshold frequency ν0 is expressed by the formula:

W=hv0
Stopping potential
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The photoelectric currentcurrentcurrent in a typical setup is extremely small. The number of the electrons reaching the anode can be measured from the anode current. However, such a measurement is not precise. But a reverse voltage can be applied to the anode. This reverse voltage (retarding potentialpotentialpotential) repels the electrons and prevents them from reaching the anode – the photoelectric current becomes zero. The maximum retarding potential is called the stopping potentialstopping potentialstopping potential VIndeks dolny 0. The energy corresponding to this potentialpotentialpotential is eVIndeks dolny 0 and is equal to the maximum kinetic energy EIndeks dolny k of the emitted electrons:

Ek=eV0

In this way we can measure the work function W with better precision.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Electronvolt
Definition: Electronvolt
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Electronvolt is the amount of energy a single electric charge (electron) gains while being accelerated in an electric field with the potential difference of 1 volt. Energy of photons is conveniently expressed in eV. For instance, visible light photons have energies in the range of 1,8 – 3,1 eV.

1eV = 1,6 · 10Indeks górny -19

Exercise 1
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If the wavelength of light is 250 nm, what is the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted photoelectrons from a metal for which a work functionwork functionwork function is equal to 4,5 eV?

Exercises

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Exercise 2
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Which phenomenon supports the particle theory of light? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. dispersion, 2. photoelectric effect, 3. refraction
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 3

The work function of sodium is 3,78 · 10Indeks górny –19 J. What is its threshold frequency?

Exercise 4

Explain in English what the photoelectric effect is.

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Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. efekt fotoelektryczny - photoelectric effect, 2. częstotliwość graniczna - stopping potential, 3. potencjał hamujący - threshold frequency, 4. praca wyjścia - work function, 5. elektrony walencyjne - valence electrons
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

current
current

prąd

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wymowa w języku angielskim: current
incident
incident

padający

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wymowa w języku angielskim: incident
outermost shell
outermost shell

zewnętrzna powłoka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: outermost shell
photoelectric effect
photoelectric effect

efekt fotoelektryczny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: photoelectric effect
potential
potential

potencjał

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wymowa w języku angielskim: potential
stopping potential
stopping potential

potencjał hamujący

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wymowa w języku angielskim: stopping potential
surface
surface

powierzchnia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: surface
threshold frequency
threshold frequency

częstotliwość graniczna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: threshold frequency
valence electrons
valence electrons

elektrony walencyjne

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wymowa w języku angielskim: valence electrons
work function
work function

praca wyjścia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: work function

Keywords

photoelectric effectphotoelectric effectphotoelectric effect

stopping potentialstopping potentialstopping potential

threshold frequencythreshold frequencythreshold frequency

valence electronsvalence electronsvalence electrons

work functionwork functionwork function