Globalisation used to be the buzzword of the 90s and early 2000s. Global village, supply chains, outsourcing, etc. have been concepts inseparably linked with globalisation. Thanks to globalisation everything has been at our fingertips. However, like most things, globalisation has its advantages and disadvantages. Loss of cultural diversity and prevalent unification are not things welcomed by all people equally. What’s the future of globalisation? How has globalisation affected your and your family’s life so far?
Globalizacja była nośnym terminem na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. Globalna wioska, łańcuchy dostaw, outsourcing – te i wiele innych pojęć jest nierozerwalnie związanych z globalizacją. Dzięki niej mamy wszystko w zasięgu ręki. Jednak, jak wiele innych zjawisk, globalizacja ma i zalety, i wady. Utrata różnorodności kulturowej czy wszechobecna unifikacja nie przez wszystkich są przyjmowane bez zastrzeżeń. Jaka jest przyszłość globalizacji? W jaki sposób wpływa ona na życie twoje i twojej rodziny?
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Zdjęcie przedstawia metalowy model Ziemi, wokół której krążą metalowe orbity. Transkrypcja znajduje się poniżej.
Globalisation means unification
Globalizacja to unifikacja
Źródło: dostępny w internecie: https://www.wikimedia.org/ [dostęp 8.08.2022], domena publiczna.
Exercise1
Globalisation brings many opportunities, but it does not create equal chances of a comfortable life for all people in different parts of the world. The same products are available in different countries, but people in some places may have to work much harder than in others to be able to buy them. Do you know what you can buy in different countries for $1, according to data from May 2022? Choose all the products.
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Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise1
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Globalisation brings many opportunities, but it does not create equal chances of a comfortable life for all people in different parts of the world. The same products are available in different countries, but people in some places may have to work much harder than in others to be able to buy them. Do you know what you can buy in different countries for $1, according to data from May 2022? Mark the products in green. a 20-minute foot massage in the Philippines 2.5 gallons of petrol in Venezuela a sausage roll in Australia a loaf of bread in Iraq 20 cups of tea in Pakistan a serving of dumplings in Poland 7 minutes of downtown parking in Los Angeles 2 kilos of bananas in Honduras a scoop of ice-cream in Croatia 3 cans of Coke in Nigeria
Globalisation brings many opportunities, but it does not create equal chances of a comfortable life for all people in different parts of the world. The same products are available in different countries, but people in some places may have to work much harder than in others to be able to buy them. Do you know what you can buy in different countries for $1, according to data from May 2022? Mark the products in green. a 20-minute foot massage in the Philippines 2.5 gallons of petrol in Venezuela a sausage roll in Australia a loaf of bread in Iraq 20 cups of tea in Pakistan a serving of dumplings in Poland 7 minutes of downtown parking in Los Angeles 2 kilos of bananas in Honduras a scoop of ice-cream in Croatia 3 cans of Coke in Nigeria
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Study the text and do the exercises below.
Hyperconnectedness
Anna Posyniak‑DutkaHyperconnectedness
If you’re sitting on a Swedish sofa, wearing clothes produced in Bangladesh, watching American sitcoms on a TV set shipped fromshipped from [ship from]shipped from a factory in Korea, eating Italian pizza, and drinking an American sodasodasoda then yes, you live in a globalised world. 1.1 {...} What is it? HyperconnectednesshyperconnectednessHyperconnectedness in one word. A complex network of direct and indirect relations between businesses, economies, countries, and people if you want some more details. And yes, we certainly want more details!
Globalisation is a phenomenonphenomenonphenomenon which is reflected inreflected in [reflect]reflected in culture, linguistic changes, population migration, but also, or perhaps especially, tradetradetrade. Globalisation is a tendency of businesses and markets to expand beyond national boundaries. We are experiencing a widespread global interdependenceglobal interdependenceglobal interdependence. 1.2 {...} Means of productionmeans of productionMeans of production, labourlabourlabour, shipmentshipmentshipment, and target customerstarget customers [target customer]target customers have never been dispersed across continentsdispersed across continents [disperse]dispersed across continents so often and to such a great extent. How has that come aboutcome aboutcome about?
Developments in technology have made transportation and communication fast and safe. Crossing the Atlantic is a matter of hours, not days or weeks, as it used to be. Money transfersmoney transfers [money transfer]Money transfers can be seen on accounts Down UnderDown UnderDown Under almost instantaneouslyinstantaneouslyinstantaneously. What’s more, travelling is available not only to the moneyed elitesmoneyed elites [moneyed elite]moneyed elites but also to ordinary people. The freedom of movement of people, products, and services have triggered numerous processes of local and global scale.
One such process is the outsourcing of production and servicesoutsourcing of production and services [outsource something]outsourcing of production and services to countries which can provide those at a significantly lower cost. It does not come as a surprise any more to be dealt with through a call centre in a remote location, or to buy products manufactured in production plants in far‑flung corners of the globe. 1.3 {...} Employees who used to do the jobs are made redundantare made redundant [make somebody redundant]are made redundant or their wages go down although costs of life are incomparably higher for them than in the places where their jobs have been outsourced to.
Globalisation also means unification and standardisation, and again we can point out positives and negatives. On the one hand, students in most countries can take the International Baccalaureateinternational baccalaureateInternational Baccalaureate and be accepted in practically any university in the world. 1.4 {...} Almost wherever you go, you can count on the taste of your favourite burger to be the same, as fast food chainsfast food chains [fast food chain]fast food chains have their restaurants in every corner of the world. On the other hand, what if you want to taste some local cuisine and national food restaurants have been supersededsuperseded [supersede]superseded by the global chains as those are more profitableprofitableprofitable?
Last but not least, there are global problems which require global interventions. Globalisation is a fact and although after a period of infatuationinfatuationinfatuation came disillusionmentdisillusionmentdisillusionment, many phenomena brought about by it are not easily reversiblereversiblereversible. 1.5 {...}In the face of such dramatic cases the world should act as a single bodyact as a single bodyact as a single body to ensure that the wellbeing of the global population as a whole is superiorsuperiorsuperior to the profit of a particular group. It’s a big test of solidarity.
1 Źródło: Anna Posyniak‑Dutka, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
1
Exercise2
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Study the text about globalisation. Five sentences have been removed from the text. Put them back in the correct gaps 1–5. There are two extra sentences which do not fit any gap. 1.1 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
1.2 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
1.3 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
1.4 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
1.5 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
Study the text about globalisation. Five sentences have been removed from the text. Put them back in the correct gaps 1–5. There are two extra sentences which do not fit any gap. 1.1 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
1.2 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
1.3 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
1.4 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
1.5 1. To tell the truth, even if, by some miracle, you don’t do any of those or similar things, the world around you is still the result of globalisation., 2. While such practices enable big international corporations to offer their products and services at more affordable prices, and they help workers in developing countries make a better living, they also have their dark side., 3. If they fail, they have to stay where they come from., 4. It’s not the phenomenon itself but the scale of it that is unprecedented., 5. They can also pass any of a wide range of language exams confirming their level and enjoy student exchange programmes and scholarships., 6. Fortunately, there aren’t many such problems., 7. Problems such as terrorism, climate change, or pandemics will never be solved if tackled by individual countries in isolation.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise3
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Match the sentences below with the definitions of the underlined words and phrases. Do you know that a can of soda can contain up to 12 spoonfuls of sugar? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something International trade depends heavily on shipment. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something Labour is significantly cheaper in developing countries, so outsourcing of production is a common thing. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something Don’t worry, I’ll make the money transfer this afternoon and you will get it instantaneously. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something If we cut costs through outsourcing production to a cheaper place, we will be able to offer more affordable prices to our customers. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something The initial infatuation with globalisation quickly changed into a more realistic overview. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something No nation or community should ever consider itself superior to any other. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something
Match the sentences below with the definitions of the underlined words and phrases. Do you know that a can of soda can contain up to 12 spoonfuls of sugar? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something International trade depends heavily on shipment. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something Labour is significantly cheaper in developing countries, so outsourcing of production is a common thing. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something Don’t worry, I’ll make the money transfer this afternoon and you will get it instantaneously. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something If we cut costs through outsourcing production to a cheaper place, we will be able to offer more affordable prices to our customers. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something The initial infatuation with globalisation quickly changed into a more realistic overview. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something No nation or community should ever consider itself superior to any other. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. a fizzy sweet beverage, 2. immediately, 3. an activity of buying and selling products, 4. not expensive, the amount of money a person with average income can pay for something, 5. more important or better than something or someone else, 6. people who work, especially those who do physical work, 7. a state when someone is under the charm of somebody or something
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
1
Exercise4
Match the following words with their translations.
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infatuation Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy instantaneously Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy labour Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy superior Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy disillusionment Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy redundant Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy international baccalaureate Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy
infatuation Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy instantaneously Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy labour Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy superior Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy disillusionment Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy redundant Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy international baccalaureate Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. natychmiastowo, 2. nadrzędny/nadrzędna , 3. zauroczenie, 4. matura międzynarodowa , 5. siła robocza , 6. rozczarowanie , 7. zwolniony z pracy
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise4
Study the recordings and write down the words. Pay attention to the spelling.
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Nagranie dźwiękowe
Nagranie dźwiękowe
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Nagranie dźwiękowe
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Tu uzupełnij
Tu uzupełnij
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Exercise5
Type your answers to each question in 5–6 sentences.
How is 20th century globalisation different from the economic and cultural exchange which people have carried out for centuries?
How do you feel about the fact that you can buy the same products, such as clothes or fast food dishes, in almost all countries all over the world?
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(Uzupełnij).
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
The main difference between… and… is… and… of processes. First of all,… and… take much less time. We can… from the other end of the world… while in the past… Secondly, modern era globalisation affects…
I have… about the fact that… On the one hand, it’s rather… as I’m not… in terms of… I like to know…, I will be able to… On the flip side, I know…, and that’s…
The main difference between globalisation we witnessed in the 20th century and the economic and cultural exchange from previous centuries is the scale and speed of processes. First of all, transport and communication take much less time. We can order products from the other end of the world and receive them within days, while in the past we would have had to wait for them for months. Secondly, modern era globalisation affects absolutely everybody and not only certain groups of people.
I have mixed feelings about the fact that almost wherever I go I can buy the same clothes or eat the same burgers. On the one hand, it’s rather reassuring as I’m not very adventurous in terms of foreign cuisines. I like to know that if it comes to that, I will be able to have food I am familiar with. On the flip side, I know that chain restaurants supersede local ones, and that’s a shame.
