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The law of constant composition of a chemical compound

Source: domena publiczna.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • that chemical reactions are transformations during which new substances are created;

  • that the chemical reaction equation is a record of the course of chemical transformation using symbols of elements and patterns of chemical compounds;

  • that substrates are substances involved in a chemical reaction, and products are substances obtained as a result;

  • how to determine the mass ratio in a chemical compound based on its formula.

You will learn
  • to give the content of the mass preservation law and interpret it;

  • to you will solve tasks using the law of mass conservation.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Do chemical compounds have the same composition?

At the end of the 18th century, the French chemist Joseph Louis Proust formulated a law referring to the composition of chemical compounds, which was called the law of constant compositionlaw of constant compositionlaw of constant composition.

Today, this law seems obvious to us and not very revealing. But we must remember that it was formulated at a time when nothing was known about the structure of matter, concepts such as the notion of an atom or a molecule were unknown and no one used the chemical formulas of compounds. Currently based on a chemical formula, for example water (H2O),and data contained in the periodic table, we can determine the mass ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in water (2 : 16 then 1:8), less than 150 years ago, the conclusion of such an application required many tedious experimental works.

The formulation of this law was of fundamental importance for the further development of chemistry. It has become the foundation for further research leading to the creation of the atomic theory of matter.

How can the law of constant composition be used in chemical calculations?

Knowledge of the law of mass conservation and the law of constant composition is the basis of chemical calculations. Thanks to them, it is possible to determine the proportions in which the reactants reacted with each other to form specific products, or to estimate the amount of products produced based on the mass of the substrates used.

The mass ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in the water molecule, H2O, is 1:8, which means that in water for 1 part of the mass of hydrogen there are 8 parts of oxygen mass. Regardless of which units of mass we will use, these relationships will always be the same. For example, if there is 1 g of hydrogen in a given water sample, then oxygen will be 8 g and the water sample will have a mass of: 1 g + 8 g = 9 g. The same mass ratio will exist both in one molecule of water with a molecular weight of 18 u and in samples of water with a mass of 18 g, 200 kg or 1 ton.
The mass ratio of the individual elements in the compound is always constant – independent of the mass of the compound sample as well as the way the compound is obtained.

Task 1

Watch the presentation „Chemical calculations using the law of constant composition of a chemical compound”.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu
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Exercise 1
If magnesium combines with sulfur in the mass ratio Mg : S = 3 : 4, it is 15g of magnesium sulfur connections in the amount of: Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. 20g, 2. 20u, 3. 24g, 4. 24u
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Exercise 2
In the sulfur vapor, 11.2g of iron was heated to give 17.6g of iron sulphide. In what mass ratio did iron and sulfur join? Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. 1 : 1, 2. 2 : 3, 3. 7 : 4, 4. 7 : 6

Summary

  • According to the conservation law, the mass states in each chemical reaction the total mass of substrates is equal to the sum of masses of products obtained as a result.

  • The mass of one of the substrates or products can be calculated based on the mass conservation law if the residual masses are known.

  • The law of constancy of composition says that the mass ratio of elements in a chemical compound is always constant and independent of the method and place of its receipt (each chemical compound has an unchanging qualitative and quantitative composition).

  • Knowledge of the mass ratio of chemical elements in a compound allows to calculate the mass of chemical elements in a given mass of a compound.

  • On the basis of the mass ratio of elements in a chemical compound, its total formula can be determined.

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Grafika przedstawiająca tablicę szkolną, na której znajdują się zdania do dokończenia. Finish selected sentences. 1 It was easy for me (uzupełnij). 2 It was difficult for me (uzupełnij). 3 Today I learned (uzupełnij). 4 I understood that (uzupełnij). 5 It surprised me (uzupełnij).
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Keywords

law of constant composition, reaction, substance

Glossary

law of constant composition
law of constant composition
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka: prawo stałości składu

prawo stałości składu – prawo odnoszące się do stosunków masowych w związkach chemicznych, zgodnie z którym stosunek masowy pierwiastków w związku chemicznym jest zawsze stały i niezależny od sposobu oraz miejsca jego otrzymania

mass conservation law
mass conservation law
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka: prawo zachowania masy

prawo zachowania masy – reguła, według której mówi w przypadku każdej reakcji chemicznej całkowita masa substratów jest równa łącznej masie produktów