Topicm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528449000663_0Topic

Properties of mattermattermatter – summary

Levelm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

I. The use of physical concepts and quantities to describe phenomena and to indicate their examples in the surrounding reality.

Timingm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Consolidation of knowledge about the microscopic structure of matter.

Key competencesm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Recognition and description of basic properties of matter in different states.

2. Determining the relation between the properties of matter in different states with the molecular structure of bodies.

Operational (detailed) goalsm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- determining the relation between the properties of matter in different states with the molecular structure of bodies,

- formulates physical laws regarding phenomena occurring in gases and liquids.

Methodsm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Flipped classroom.

2. Solving problem tasks.

Forms of workm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Work with the whole class.

Lesson stages

Introductionm3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528450127855_0Introduction

Task 1

Prepare answers for the following questions:

a) What experiments confirm the theory of the atomic structure of matter?
b) What is the difference between intermolecular interactions in gases, liquids and solids.
c) What is the difference between the fourth state of matter - plasma - and gas?
d) Why are bodies with good electrical conductance conduct heat well?
e) How does the hydrostatic pressure depend on the liquid density?
f) Present Pascal's law.
g) Present the floating conditions of the bodies.
m3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1527752256679_0a) What experiments confirm the theory of the atomic structure of matter?
b) What is the difference between intermolecular interactions in gases, liquids and solids.
c) What is the difference between the fourth state of matter - plasma - and gas?
d) Why are bodies with good electrical conductance conduct heat well?
e) How does the hydrostatic pressure depend on the liquid density?
f) Present Pascal's law.
g) Present the floating conditions of the bodies.

Procedurem3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528446435040_0Procedure

The basic elements that mattermattermatter is made of are atoms. Atom is the smallest amount of a simple substance that retains its chemical and physical properties.

Atoms have a mass, volumevolumevolume and shape. Atoms can combine with each other to form molecules that are the smallest amount of a complex substance that retains its chemical and physical properties.

Atoms are very small, but nevertheless they have a complex structure. They consist of a heavy positive nucleus in the middle of the atom and negative electrons in the outer part.

Atoms contain charges (protons, electrons). However, they are electrically neutral.

Atoms and molecules are in constant motion.

Task 2

Determine if the sentences below are true or false.

a) Diffusion is the spontaneous mixing of substances, e.g. the spread of odour in still air.
b) VolumevolumeVolume contraction phenomenon - consisting in the fact that the volume of the mixture of water and ethyl alcohol is smaller than the sum of the volume of its components, i.e. water and alcohol separately, indicates the molecular structure of the liquidliquidliquid.
c) Atoms can be seen in a normal optical microscope.
d) Brownian motion consisting in the constant movement of fat particles in the water indicates the molecular structure of water.

Answer:

a) True. b) True. c) False. d) True.

Task 3

Check your knowledge of phase transitions names.

[Interactive graphics]

Task 4

The cube of butter is 10 cm · 8 cm · 2,4 cm, its mass is 200 g. Calculate the densitydensitydensity of butter. Give the result in gcm3 and in kgm3.

Answer:

Density of butter d, calculated using the formula:

d=mV

where:
m - mass of butter,
V - volume of butter.

The volume of butter is determined by the formula:

V=abc

where:
a - length,
b - width,
c - height of the butter cube.

V=10cm8cm2,4cm=192cm3
d=200g192cm3=1,04gcm3
1g=103kg
1cm3=106m3
1gcm3=103kg106m3=103kgm3
d=1,04103kgm3

Answer:

The densitydensitydensity of butter is d = 1,04 gcm3 = 1040 kgm3.

Task 5

Determine if the sentences below are true or false.

[Illustration 1]

a) Pascal's law states that the external pressure exerted on the fluid depends on the distance from the plunger.
b) Pascal's law states that the external pressure exerted on the fluid is transmitted equally in all directions.
c) Pascal's law applies to liquids and does not apply to gases.
d) Pascal's law applies to gases and liquids. Gases and liquids are called fluids.

Answer:

a) False. b) True. c) False. d) True.

Task 6

Which of the following statements are true and which are false.

a) Liquids are compressible.
b) Gases are compressible.
c) The substance in the gaseous state, when it reaches a temperature of more than 1000 K, it will become a plasma.

Answer:

a) False. b) True. c) True.

Task 7

Calculate the hydrostatic pressure, p, at the base of the water dam at a depth of H = 10 meters underwater. Assume that the density of water is d = 1000 kgm3, and the gravitational acceleration is 9,81 ms2, give the result in pascals.

Answer:

I calculate the hydrostatic pressure using the formula:

p=dgh
p=10000kgm39,81ms210m=98100kgms2mm3=98100Nm2=98100Pa

Answer:

The hydrostatic pressure of the water at the bottom of the dam is 98100 Pa

Task 8

The cube made of aluminium with a side = 10 cm has a densitydensitydensity d = 2700 kgm3.

a) Prove that the dynamometer measuring with accuracy of 0,1 N on which we suspend this cube will indicate the weight of Q = 26,5 N.
b) After immersing the cube in water, the dynamometer indication decreased to QIndeks dolny 1 = 16,7 N. Calculate the buoyant forcebuoyant forcebuoyant force, FIndeks dolny B, acting on aluminium. Can aluminium in the form of a cube float on the surface of water?
c) Explain why a tourist boat made of aluminium does not sink in water, although the density of aluminium is almost three times higher than the density of water. What condition must be fulfilled by a boat so that it can float on the surface of water.

Answer:

a) The dynamometer will indicate the force of gravity of the Earth acting on the cube. We call this force the weight of the body and calculate it using the formula:

Q=m·g

where:
m - body mass,
g = 9,81 ms2 - gravitational acceleration on the Earth.

The aluminium mass is determined by knowing the density of aluminium d and the volumevolumevolume of the cube V=a3.

V=103cm3=0,13m3=0,001m3=103m3
m=d·V
m=2700kgm3103m3=2,7kg
Q=2,7kg9,81ms2=26,49N

The dynamometer indicates Q = 26,5 N.

b) The tension force acts on the spring of the dynamometer, which is the difference between the weight of the cube Q and the buoyant forcebuoyant forcebuoyant force FIndeks dolny B:

N=Q-FB

[Illustration 2]

The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced water.

FB=mwg=dwVg

where:
mIndeks dolny w - mass of displaced water,
dw=1000kgm3 - water densitydensitydensity.

FB=1000kgm3103m39,81ms2=9,81N
N=26,5N9,81N=16,69N

The dynamometer indicates N = 16,7 N.

The cube made of aluminium cannot float freely on the surface of the water because the weight of the cube Q is greater than the buoyant forcebuoyant forcebuoyant force FIndeks dolny B.

c) The boat made of aluminium contains air inside its volumevolumevolume, so that the average density of the submerged part of the boat is lower than the density of water. The boat will float freely on the water surface when its total weight is equal to the weight of the displaced water.

Lesson summarym3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

The theory of atomic structure of matter is confirmed by the phenomenon of diffusion and the phenomenon of Brownian motion. Matter is made up of atoms that can combine into molecules. Atoms and molecules are in constant motion. In solids, molecules vibrate around their equilibrium positions, in liquids, molecules can move relative to each other, in gases, molecules move freely relative to each other. Gases fill freely the entire volume of the vessel and are compressible. Liquids take the shape of the vessel and create a free surface at the boundary with solids and gases. The change in temperature can cause phase transitions of solids, liquids and gases. Above 1000 K gases transforms into the fourth state of matter - plasma.m3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1527752263647_0The theory of atomic structure of matter is confirmed by the phenomenon of diffusion and the phenomenon of Brownian motion. Matter is made up of atoms that can combine into molecules. Atoms and molecules are in constant motion. In solids, molecules vibrate around their equilibrium positions, in liquids, molecules can move relative to each other, in gases, molecules move freely relative to each other. Gases fill freely the entire volume of the vessel and are compressible. Liquids take the shape of the vessel and create a free surface at the boundary with solids and gases. The change in temperature can cause phase transitions of solids, liquids and gases. Above 1000 K gases transforms into the fourth state of matter - plasma.

Density is the quantity that characterizes the body, calculated as the ratio of the mass to the volume:
d=mV.
m3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1527752263647_0Density is the quantity that characterizes the body, calculated as the ratio of the mass to the volume:
d=mV.

According to Archimedes' principle, on the body immersed in liquid or gas acts the buoyant force equal to the weight of displaced liquid or displaced gas.m3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1527752263647_0According to Archimedes' principle, on the body immersed in liquid or gas acts the buoyant force equal to the weight of displaced liquid or displaced gas.

If the density of the body is greater than the density of liquid or gas, the body sinks. If the density of the body is smaller than the density of liquid or gas, the body floats on the surface of the liquid, or rises in the gas.m3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1527752263647_0If the density of the body is greater than the density of liquid or gas, the body sinks. If the density of the body is smaller than the density of liquid or gas, the body floats on the surface of the liquid, or rises in the gas.

Within gas or liquid there is a hydrostatic pressure, p, depending on the depth of the body immersion, h, and the density of liquid or gas, d:
p=d·g·h.
m3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1527752263647_0Within gas or liquid there is a hydrostatic pressure, p, depending on the depth of the body immersion, h, and the density of liquid or gas, d:
p=d·g·h.

The normal force acting on liquid or gas in a closed tank, according to Pascal's law, creates additional pressure, which is the same in the entire volume of the gas or liquid under consideration.m3fd6d0d07f3362e5_1527752263647_0The normal force acting on liquid or gas in a closed tank, according to Pascal's law, creates additional pressure, which is the same in the entire volume of the gas or liquid under consideration.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

Archimedes’ principleArchimedes’ principleArchimedes’ principle

buoyant forcebuoyant forcebuoyant force

densitydensitydensity

gasgasgas

liquidliquidliquid

mattermattermatter

moleculemoleculemolecule

Pascal’s lawPascal’s lawPascal’s law

solidsolidsolid

volumevolumevolume

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matter1
matter

materia

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volume

objętość

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liquid

ciecz

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gęstość

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siła wyporu

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Archimedes’ principle

prawo Archimedesa

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gaz

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cząsteczka

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