in the living organisms most genetic information is found in the cell nucleus in the form of DNA.
explain the structure of a chromosome.
DNA and chromosomes
In almost all organisms, genetic information – or information about their structure and functioning – is contained in DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid. In organisms with a nucleus (eukaryotic) the majority of the DNA is stored in the cell nucleus, which is a kind of control centre of the cell. A certain amount of DNA is also found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts, but chromosomes aren’t made there. Positive DNA is often inherited from one parent - in the case of people after their mothers.
Individual sections of DNA, are called genesgenes, they contain instructions on the structure of cellular proteins and the various processes taking place in the cell. When the cell does not divide, the nucleus DNA is in loosely arranged threads, and the instructions within it can be read freely.
Before a cell divides, the amount of DNA contained in it doubles, and the threads twist strongly. During the division sticky, elongated structures are formed from them, which can only be seen under a microscope. These are chromosomeschromosomes. They consist of two chromatidschromatids, that connect with each other in the place called the centromerecentromere.
The number of chromosomes in cells is specific to a given species. In people it is 46. 44 of them are called autosomesautosomes and 2 are sex chromosomes. The latter are marked with the letters X and Y. Women have somaticsomatic cells with 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes, and men have 44 autosomes, one X chromosome and one Y.
Using different sources, find out the number of chromosomes in wheat, a horse and a fruit fly in somatic cells.
Summary
Chromosomes consist of DNA strands and enable precise division of genetic material between cells.
Prior to cell division, there is always a doubling of the amount of DNA in the cell nucleus.
Keywords
chromosome, chromatids, DNA
Glossary
autosomy – wszystkie chromosomy danego organizmu poza tymi, które wyznaczają jego płeć
centromer – przewężenie chromosomu; miejsce, z którym łączą się włókna białkowe podczas podziału jądra komórkowego
chromatyda – jedna z dwóch identycznych części chromosomu
chromosomy – podziałowa postać DNA; wydłużone, pałeczkowate struktury powstające z nici DNA w jądrze tuż przed podziałem komórki i widoczne w czasie podziału jądra
gen – fragment DNA odpowiedzialny za powstanie określonego białka a w konsekwencji – określonej cechy organizmu; podstawowa jednostka dziedziczenia
komórka somatyczna – każda komórka budująca ciało organizmu z wyjątkiem komórek płciowych