Elektryzowanie ciał przez tarcie

Answer briefly for introductory questions:

1. Present in brief the structure of the atom.

2. What are electrons and where are they located?

3. Does each atom have the same number of electrons?

Conductor

Definition: Conductor

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nagranie abstraktu

nagranie abstraktu

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The conductor is everyday object in which electrons, orbiting around the atomic nucleus, are poorly connected with. The electrons on the valence shell can be detached from their atom and then become free electrons and virtually move freely throughout an object.

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Na rysunku przedstawione jest schematycznie osiem atomów: kółko ze znakiem plus, wokół niego okrąg, na którym jest kółko ze znakiem minus. Kółka ze znakiem minus znajdują się także w wolnej przestrzeni między atomami. Jeden z atomów podpisany atom, jedno kółko ze znakiem minus znajdujące się na okręgu podpisane valence electron.

Insulator

Definition: Insulator

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nagranie abstraktu

nagranie abstraktu

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An insulator is every object in which electrons, orbiting around the atomic nucleus are very strongly attached to this nucleus and cannot move through the entire insulator. In certain situations, they can move slightly in the volume of an atom.

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Na rysunku przedstawione jest schematycznie sześć atomów: kółko ze znakiem plus, wokół niego dwa okręgi, na każdym z nich jest kółko ze znakiem minus. Jeden z atomów podpisany atom.

Charging is the process of accumulation of an excess of charge of the same sign in a given body.

There are known phenomena in which certain bodies when rubbingrubbingrubbing acquire the property of attracting other bodies, e.g. amber rubbed with silk attracts small scraps of paper (from the Greek name of the amber „electron”, these phenomena are called electrication the bodies).

One evidence of the existence of the phenomenon of electrification in nature, is the impact of glass sticks on the silk, after rubbing the glass rod with silk, and the ebonite sticks after rubbing with them with wool. In both cases, you can observe the attraction between sticks and fabrics.

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Po lewej stronie rysunku znajduje się prostokąt opisany wool, na którym narysowane są znaki plus i litera e ze strzałką skierowaną do prostokąta ukośnego. Na nim prostokąt ukośny z zaokrąglonymi rogami, ze znakami minus wewnątrz, opisany ebonite rod. Po prawej stronie rysunku znajduje się prostokąt opisany silk, na którym narysowane są znaki minus i litera e ze strzałką skierowaną od prostokąta ukośnego. Na nim prostokąt ukośny z zaokrąglonymi rogami, ze znakami plus wewnątrz, opisany glass rod.

Examining the properties of different bodies in this way, we can say that they can be charged either like ebonite rubbed with wool, i.e. they repel charged ebonite rod or like glass rubbed with silk, i.e. they repel charged glass rod.

The experiment discussed above shows that like charges repel one another and unlike charges attract.

Charging through rubbing means causing friction leading to the movement of electrons from one object to another. The difference between charging due to friction and insulation is that in the case of electrification by friction, the displacement of charges occurs after the job that forces the electrons to move.

The object from which the electrons flow away is charged positively, while the body that receives these particles is charged negatively.

As a result of rubbingrubbingrubbing an ebonite rod with wool, some of the electrons from the wool pass to the surface of the rod.

The rod is characterized by an excess of electrons - it charges negatively.

Wool, due to the transfer of these electrons has their deficiency, so it is charged positively.

As a result of rubbing the glass rod with silk, some of the electrons from the glass got transferred to the surface of the silk.

The rod has an electron deficiency - the glass is electrified positively.

Silk electrifies negatively as a result of accumulation of electron.

Properties of charging by friction

• The bodies before rubbingrubbingrubbing are electrically neutral.

• As a result of rubbing, some of the electrons pass from one body to another.

• The bodies obtain the same magnitude of charge but of the opposite sign.

• This is a permanent charging.

Summary

• Charging by rubbingrubbingrubbing can be explained in a way that during mutual contact between two insulators, electrons from one body pass to the other. In this way, one body is charged negatively and the other positively with equal charge value.

Exercises

Glossary

Keywords

charging bodiescharging bodiescharging bodies

rubbingrubbingrubbing

electron flowelectron flow electron flow