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Electric receivers connected in parallel

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Połączenie równoległe odbiorników

You will learn
  • about connecting resistors in parallel,

  • define equivalent resistance,

  • check experimentally the formula for equivalent resistance in a parallel connection in English.

Prepare answers to introductory questions for the lesson.

  1. What is electric current?

  2. Introduce Ohm's law.

  3. Define the resistance of the conductor.

  4. How/will the resistance of the conductor change when we increase the voltage applied to it?

When resistors are connected in parallel?
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In a parallel connection the current flowing through each resistor doesn’t depend on what current flows through other resistor. However, at each resistor the voltage is exactly the same and equal to the supply voltage
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

The parallel connectionparallel connectionparallel connection forces the same voltage on each of the resistors. Both ends of each resistor are connected to exactly the same points of the circuit.

Experiment 1
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nagranie abstraktu
Research hypothesis
  • In the parallel connection of resistors, the sum of the currents flowing through each resistor is equal to the current flowing from the source.

1. You will need several different resistors, an ammeter, a voltmeter and a voltage source to perform the experiment.

2. Build the system according to the diagram below.

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Circuit
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

3. By changing the position of the ammeter, determine the currents flowing through the individual resistors and the current flowing from the voltage source.

4. Measurements results should be entered into the measurement table.

No.

Number of the resistor

I [A]

Comments

1

1

2

2

3

3

4

4

5

5

6

IIndeks dolny total

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nagranie abstraktu

5. In order to eliminate errors during the experiment, perform several measurements.

6. After completing the experiment, draw the appropriate conclusions.

Conclusion
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nagranie abstraktu

In a parallel connectionparallel connectionparallel connection, the sum of the currents flowing through each resistor is equal to the total current flowing out of the source (within the limits of measurement errors).

I1+I2+I3+I4+I5=Itotal
Equivalent resistance
Definition: Equivalent resistance
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nagranie abstraktu

The equivalent resistanceequivalent resistanceequivalent resistance of the resistors circuit is equal to the resistance of such a resistor which used instead of the resistor circuit will not change the current flowing from the voltage source.

Derivation of the formula for equivalent resistance in a parallel connection

Consider a circuit of resistors connected in parallel.

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Circuit
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Let the currents flowing through individual resistors be equal to: I1,I2,I3,I4,I5. The resistors circuit is supplied with voltage U. Under Ohm's law, we have:

I1=UR1
I2=UR2
I3=UR3
I4=UR4
I5=UR5

If we use substitute equivalent resistanceequivalent resistanceequivalent resistance instead of all resistors, then:

Itotal=URequiv

we will get:

I1+I2+I3+I4+I5=Itotal

after simplification it leads to the final result:

1R1+1R2+1R3+1R4+1R5=1Requiv
Final conclusion
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nagranie abstraktu

In a parallel connectionparallel connectionparallel connection, the inverse of the equivalent resistance is the sum of the inverse of resistances of individual resistors.

Experiment 2
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nagranie abstraktu
Research hypothesis
  • In the parallel connection, the inverse of the equivalent resistanceequivalent resistanceequivalent resistance is the sum of the inverse of the resistances of individual resistors.

1. You will need several different resistors, an ammeter, a voltmeter and a voltage source to perform the experiment.

2. Build the system according to the diagram below.

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Circuit
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

3. In the way known to you, determine the resistances of individual resistors.

4. Calculate the total resistance of the resistor system.

5. Enter the results into the measurement table.

Tabela zbudowana z siedmiu wierszy i czterech kolumn. W pierwszym wierszu: No., Number of the resistor, R [Ω] - opór mierzony w omach, Comments. W drugim wierszu: 1, 1, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W trzecim wierszu: 2, 2, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W czwartym wierszu: 3, 3, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W piątym wierszu: 4, 4, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W szóstym wierszu: 5, 5, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W siódmym wierszu: pusta komórka, Total resistance, pusta komórka, pusta komórka.
Tabela zbudowana z siedmiu wierszy i czterech kolumn. W pierwszym wierszu: No., Number of the resistor, R [Ω] - opór mierzony w omach, Comments. W drugim wierszu: 1, 1, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W trzecim wierszu: 2, 2, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W czwartym wierszu: 3, 3, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W piątym wierszu: 4, 4, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W szóstym wierszu: 5, 5, pusta komórka, pusta komórka. W siódmym wierszu: pusta komórka, Total resistance, pusta komórka, pusta komórka.
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nagranie abstraktu

6. In order to eliminate errors during the experiment, perform several measurements, preferably each time rearranging the order of the resistors.

7. After completing the experiment, draw the appropriate conclusions.

Conclusion

If the experiment was performed correctly, then within the limits of measurement errors:

1R1+1R2+1R3+1R4+1R5=1Requiv=1Rtotal

It is, therefore, a confirmation of the formula derived theoretically.

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Pokaz slajdów – równolegle czy szeregowo. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Summary
  • Kirchhoff's first law: the sum of the currents flowing into the node and the sum of the currents flowing out of it are equal.

  • The voltage applied to the resistors connected in parallel and the voltage on the individual resistors have the same value.

  • To calculate the inverse of the total resistance of resistors connected in parallel, the inverse of resistances of individual resistors should be added.

Exercises

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Exercise 1
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The current flowing through each resistor is the same in a parallel connection., 2. The voltage on each resistor is the same in a parallel connection., 3. The equivalent resistance is always smaller than any resistance used in a parallel connection., 4. The equivalent resistance is always greater than any of the resistances used in a parallel connection.
Exercise 2

Given a circuit as shown below.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

The resistances of the resistors are respectively RIndeks dolny 1 = 10 Ω, RIndeks dolny 2 = 20 Ω, RIndeks dolny 3 = 30 Ω. Through one of the resistors the smallest current of 1 A is flowing. Calculate the current flowing out of the voltage source.

Exercise 3

Write in English briefly why in a home installation all the electical receivers are connected in parallel. What would be the risk of a serial connection of such receivers?

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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. podzielnik napiecia - equivalent resistance, 2. połączenie równoległe - parallel connection, 3. zasada zachowania ładunku - principle of charge conservation, 4. spadek napięcia - voltage drop, 5. opór zastępczy - voltage divider
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

equivalent resistance
equivalent resistance

opór zastępczy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: equivalent resistance
parallel connection
parallel connection

połączenie równoległe

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wymowa w języku angielskim: parallel connection
principle of charge conservation
principle of charge conservation

zasada zachowania ładunku

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wymowa w języku angielskim: principle of charge conservation
voltage divider
voltage divider

podzielnik napiecia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: voltage divider
voltage drop
voltage drop

spadek napięcia

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wymowa w języku angielskim: voltage drop

Keywords

equivalent resistanceequivalent resistanceequivalent resistance

parallel connectionparallel connectionparallel connection

voltage dropvoltage dropvoltage drop