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Establishment of Solidarity. Martial law in Poland

An artistic installation on the lawn surrounding the Solidarity Square in Gdańsk
Source: Borys Kozielski, Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0.

Link to the lesson

You will learn
  • why SolidaritySolidaritySolidarity was established, and what it was;

  • what SolidaritySolidaritySolidarity demanded and what public support it had;

  • when and why the Martial law was introduced;

  • the consequences of the Martial law in Poland;

  • what everyday life and resistance during the period of the Martial law were like.

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Nagranie abstraktu

The living ‘on credit’ in the first years of Gierek’s rule quickly brought unpleasant consequences. The need to pay off the incurred debts led to another economic crisis and the introduction, in 1976, of the rationing of products and the first ration coupons. The late 1970s made this state of affairs even worse. Trying to save the finance system, prices were increased again, which triggered strikes. In the summer of 1980, the strikes affected mainly the region of the Baltic Coast. They led to the establishment of inter‑enterprise strike committees in August, which presented 21 demands addressed to the authorities. For the first time, the workers were supported by the intelligentsia, which resulted in the creation of the ‘SolidaritySolidaritySolidarity’ Independent Self‑governing Labor Union headed by Lech Wałęsa. He gained great popularity in the society, and 10 million Poles joined the union . The popularity of SolidaritySolidaritySolidarity among Poles instilled fear in the authorities, who were worried about the growing strength of the organization. The Polish ‘comrades’ were also pressured by Moscow, which demanded that the situation in the country be ‘eased’.

This happened on December 13, 1981, when the Martial lawMartial lawMartial law was introduced by a decree of the Polish Council of State. Thousands of soldiers and heavy equipment units appeared on the streets. The activities of all social and cultural organizations were suspended, schools were closed, press publications and artistic activities were blocked. There were arrests and internmentsInternmentinternments of SolidaritySolidaritySolidarity activists and all those who could be a threat to the Military Council of National SalvationMilitary Council of National Salvation (WRON)Military Council of National Salvation (headed by gen. Jaruzelski), which took power in the country. Prohibitions and restrictions did not discourage the public from resistance. Strikes broke out in many places, but were brutally suppressed (e.g. at the Wujek Coal Mine). On important anniversaries, demonstrations of many thousand people took place on city streets. Freedom and the release of political prisoners were demanded. SamizdatSamizdatSamizdat produced thousands of leaflets and magazines. The society was supported also by the Catholic Church, also some priests who sympathized with SolidaritySolidaritySolidarity celebrated Masses for the homeland. Western countries imposed sanctionsSanctionssanctions on Poland, which further deepened the economic crisis.

The Martial lawMartial lawMartial law officially ended in July 1983. However, the crisis in the country continued for years to come. Neither were the repressions against SolidaritySolidaritySolidarity activists ceased. Many of them were still imprisoned or hiding from the authorities. In 1984, as a counterbalance to SolidaritySolidaritySolidarity (which was made illegal in 1982), government trade unions were established (All‑Poland Alliance of Trade Unions, or OPZZ), which did not gain much support from the society. In September 1986, the freed Lech Wałęsa set up the Provisional Council of the ‘SolidaritySolidaritySolidarity’ Independent Self‑governing Labor Union, which started to function overtly, but still illegally. This was the first sign of the changes that were to take place in the following years.

1
Task 1

Read about the events concerning the creation and activity of Solidarity.

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Major events 8.1980 Establishment of the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee In the photo: a session of the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee (MKS)., 18.8.1980 Formulation of the 21 demands The boards with the 21 demands of the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee placed on the gatehouse building next to Gate No. 2 of the Shipyard in Gdańsk bearing the name of Lenin., 30.8.1980 - 31.8.1980 Signing of the August Agreements in Szczecin and Gdańsk In the photo: signing of the August Agreements in Szczecin., 9.1980 Dismissal of Edward Gierek from the function of First Secretary, 11.1980 Registration of the ‘Solidarity’ Independent Self-governing Labor Union In the photo: an artistic installation on the lawn surrounding the Solidarity Square in Gdańsk (2014–2015)., 13.12.1981 Introduction of the Martial law In the photo: Wojciech Jaruzelski getting ready to read the speech informing about the introduction of the Martial law., 16.12.1981 Tragedy at the Wujek Coal Mine In the photo: the monument to the killed miners of the Wujek Coal Mine., 10.1982 Dissolution of Solidarity In the photo: a protest in Gdańsk Shipyard after the Sejm's decision., 1.1.1983 Suspension of the Martial law  , 6.1983 John Paul II’s pilgrimage to his homeland In the photo: the Pope in Wrocław., 22.7.1983 Lifting of the Martial law  , 10.1984 Kidnapping and murder of Rev. Jerzy Popiełuszko  , 6.1987 John Paul II’s pilgrimage to his homeland John Paul II after his arrival in Gdynia, at the military airfield in Babie Doły.
Source: Ahorcado, Archiwum Dokumentacji Mechanicznej, Wojskowa Agencja Fotograficzna,, Borys Kozielski, Julo, Krzysztof Korczyński, Stefan Cieślak, Zygmunt Błażek, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0.
Task 2

On August 17, 21 postulates were formulated in Gdańsk. It constituted a kind of political program of the strikers. Lech Wałęsa was the head of the Gdańsk committee. Search the web and find out who is the woman in the picture, who stands next to Lech Wałęsa. How has she become famous?

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Holy Mass celebrated at the Vladimir Lenin Shipyard in Gdańsk
Source: Tadeusz Kłapyta, Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
Task 3

What do you think? Did Polish society welcome the decision to register Solidarity?

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Solidarity logo
Source: a. nn., tylko do użytku edukacyjnego.
Task 4

Find on on the Internet the TV speech of general Wojciech Jaruzelski announcing the introduction of martial law in Poland. Is it reasonable to say that it was „patriotic” and that it was dictated by the „state of necessity”?

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Martial law - announcement
Source: a. nn., domena publiczna.
Task 5

Look for the information in various sources. Where there were bloody suppressed manifestations during the martial law?

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One of the most famous photos taken during the martial law. On the second anniversary of the August agreements, a demonstration took place in Lubin in Lower Silesia. Three people got killed then.
Source: Krzysztof Raczkowiak, tylko do użytku edukacyjnego na epodreczniki.pl.
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Exercise 1
Match the terms regarding life in the times of the Martial law to their definitions. Propaganda Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the arresting and confining of people in a place of isolation, without being able to leave it, 2. a nationwide trade union established in 1980 to defend workers’ rights in the Polish People’s Republic., 3. illegal publications issued in countries where censorship does not allow the publication of all contents, 4. restriction of free movement at certain times of the day, 5. vouchers/coupons entitling to purchase goods, 6. intentional actions supposed to lead to specific behaviors and views, 7. consequences of a breach of the applicable laws, or a negative reaction from a state to a breach of the applicable legal norms Ration coupons Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the arresting and confining of people in a place of isolation, without being able to leave it, 2. a nationwide trade union established in 1980 to defend workers’ rights in the Polish People’s Republic., 3. illegal publications issued in countries where censorship does not allow the publication of all contents, 4. restriction of free movement at certain times of the day, 5. vouchers/coupons entitling to purchase goods, 6. intentional actions supposed to lead to specific behaviors and views, 7. consequences of a breach of the applicable laws, or a negative reaction from a state to a breach of the applicable legal norms Solidarity Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the arresting and confining of people in a place of isolation, without being able to leave it, 2. a nationwide trade union established in 1980 to defend workers’ rights in the Polish People’s Republic., 3. illegal publications issued in countries where censorship does not allow the publication of all contents, 4. restriction of free movement at certain times of the day, 5. vouchers/coupons entitling to purchase goods, 6. intentional actions supposed to lead to specific behaviors and views, 7. consequences of a breach of the applicable laws, or a negative reaction from a state to a breach of the applicable legal norms Internment Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the arresting and confining of people in a place of isolation, without being able to leave it, 2. a nationwide trade union established in 1980 to defend workers’ rights in the Polish People’s Republic., 3. illegal publications issued in countries where censorship does not allow the publication of all contents, 4. restriction of free movement at certain times of the day, 5. vouchers/coupons entitling to purchase goods, 6. intentional actions supposed to lead to specific behaviors and views, 7. consequences of a breach of the applicable laws, or a negative reaction from a state to a breach of the applicable legal norms Curfew Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the arresting and confining of people in a place of isolation, without being able to leave it, 2. a nationwide trade union established in 1980 to defend workers’ rights in the Polish People’s Republic., 3. illegal publications issued in countries where censorship does not allow the publication of all contents, 4. restriction of free movement at certain times of the day, 5. vouchers/coupons entitling to purchase goods, 6. intentional actions supposed to lead to specific behaviors and views, 7. consequences of a breach of the applicable laws, or a negative reaction from a state to a breach of the applicable legal norms Sanctions Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the arresting and confining of people in a place of isolation, without being able to leave it, 2. a nationwide trade union established in 1980 to defend workers’ rights in the Polish People’s Republic., 3. illegal publications issued in countries where censorship does not allow the publication of all contents, 4. restriction of free movement at certain times of the day, 5. vouchers/coupons entitling to purchase goods, 6. intentional actions supposed to lead to specific behaviors and views, 7. consequences of a breach of the applicable laws, or a negative reaction from a state to a breach of the applicable legal norms Samizdat Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the arresting and confining of people in a place of isolation, without being able to leave it, 2. a nationwide trade union established in 1980 to defend workers’ rights in the Polish People’s Republic., 3. illegal publications issued in countries where censorship does not allow the publication of all contents, 4. restriction of free movement at certain times of the day, 5. vouchers/coupons entitling to purchase goods, 6. intentional actions supposed to lead to specific behaviors and views, 7. consequences of a breach of the applicable laws, or a negative reaction from a state to a breach of the applicable legal norms

Keywords

Solidarity, Martial law, propaganda

Glossary

Propaganda
Propaganda
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Nagranie słówka: Propaganda

Propaganda – celowe działania, które mają doprowadzić do określonych zachować i poglądów. Służy ona do upowszechnienia dogodnych informacji dla nadawcy. W języku potocznym synonim kłamstwa i manipulacji.

Ration coupons
Ration coupons
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Nagranie słówka: Ration coupons

Kartki – bony/kupony uprawniające do nabywania towarów. W PRL‑u nie zastępowały one pieniędzy, wprowadzały ograniczenia w kupnie pewnych produktów do ściśle określonej ilości towaru. Występują w gospodarkach okresu wojny i powojennym oraz w czasie niedoborów na rynku.

Labor union
Labor union
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Nagranie słówka: Labor union

Związek Zawodowy – dobrowolna organizacja zrzeszająca grupę ludzi jakiegoś zakładu pracy (np. robotników) lub zawodu, której celem jest obrona ich interesów społeczno‑ekonomicznych.

Sit‑in
Sit‑in
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Nagranie słówka: Sit‑in

Strajk okupacyjny – jeden z rodzajów strajku polegający na zajęciu jakiegoś budynku lub terenu uniemożliwiając mu dalsze funkcjonowanie.

Solidarity
Solidarity
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Nagranie słówka: Solidarity

Solidarność (Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy „Solidarność”) – ogólnopolski związek zawodowy powstały w 1980 roku by bronić praw pracowników w PRL. Z czasem stał się jednym z głównych ośrodków opozycji przeciwko władzy komunistycznej. Pierwszym liderem i przewodniczącym był Lech Wałęsa.

Martial law
Martial law
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Nagranie słówka: Martial law

Stan wojenny – stan nadzwyczajny ogłaszany na wybranym obszarze lub całym państwie, polegający na przejęciu administracji i zarządu kraju przez wojsko.

Internment
Internment
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Nagranie słówka: Internment

Internowanie – przymusowe aresztowanie i osadzenie osób w miejscu odosobnienia bez możliwości jego opuszczania.

Military Council of National Salvation (WRON)
Military Council of National Salvation (WRON)
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Nagranie słówka: Military Council of National Salvation (WRON)

Wojskowa Rada Ocalenia Narodowego (WRON) – utworzony 13 grudnia 1981 r. organ administrujący Polską w czasie stanu wojennego. Na jego czele stał gen. Wojciech Jaruzelski.

Curfew
Curfew
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Nagranie słówka: Curfew

Godzina milicyjna – wprowadzane przez władze ograniczenie swobodnego poruszania się w określonych godzinach, najczęściej nocnych, w celu zapanowania nad niebezpieczną sytuacją lub zagrożeniem.

Sanctions
Sanctions
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Nagranie słówka: Sanctions

Sankcje – w prawie, konsekwencje wynikające z naruszenia panujących przepisów lub negatywna reakcja ze strony państwa na złamanie obowiązujących norm prawnych.

Samizdat
Samizdat
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Nagranie słówka: Samizdat

Wydawnictwa podziemne – (także: drugi obieg lub samizdat) publikacje wydawane w krajach, w których cenzura nie pozwala na publikacje wszystkich treści. Wydawane były w nakładach od kilku do nawet kilkudziesięciu tysięcy kopii przez nielegalne wydawnictwa (również osoby prywatne) i najczęściej zawierały treści zabronione przez władzę.

Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth (PRON)
Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth (PRON)
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Nagranie słówka: Patriotic Movement for National Rebirth (PRON)

Patriotyczny Ruch Odrodzenia Narodowego (PRON) – organizacja polityczna utworzona w 1982 r. przez PZPR, której celem było pokazania poparcia dla działań władzy i stanu wojennego przez polskie społeczeństwo. Na jego czele stał pisarz Jan Dobraczyński.

All‑Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ)
All‑Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ)
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Nagranie słówka: All‑Poland Alliance of Trade Unions (OPZZ)

Ogólnopolskie Porozumienie Związków Zawodowych (OPZZ) – centrala związków zawodowych utworzona w 1984 r. jako odpowiedź władz na NSZZ „Solidarność”. Była silnie podporządkowana PZPR. Jej pierwszym przewodniczącym był Alfred Miodowicz.