Temat: Marsz na wybory!

Autorka: Anna Rabiega

Adresat

uczeń liceum ogólnokształcącego i technikum

Podstawa programowa:

• stara podstawa programowa:

poziom podstawowy:

1. Młody obywatel w urzędzie.

Uczeń:

3) podaje formalne warunki, jakie spełnić musi obywatel, by wziąć udział w wyborach.

poziom rozszerzony:

15. Demokracja – zasady i procedury.

Uczeń:

5) wyjaśnia, jak są przeprowadzane i jaką rolę odgrywają wybory we współczesnej demokracji.

• nowa podstawa programowa

poziom podstawowy:

III. Organy władzy publicznej w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.

Uczeń:

3) wyjaśnia, jak przeprowadzane są powszechne i bezpośrednie wybory organów władzy publicznej w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej; na przykładzie wyborów do Sejmu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej i do Senatu Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej porównuje ordynację proporcjonalną i większościową; analizuje potencjalne wady i zalety każdego z tych systemów wyborczych.

poziom rozszerzony:

VI. Społeczeństwo obywatelskie i kultura polityczna.

Uczeń:

11) analizuje – z wykorzystaniem danych o frekwencji wyborczej – problem absencji wyborczej; wyjaśnia przyczyny tego zjawiska; wyjaśnia, jakie czynniki wpływają na zmianę preferencji politycznych wyborców w Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.

Ogólny cel kształcenia:

Uczeń rozwija w sobie postawy obywatelskie.

Cele operacyjne:

Uczeń:

• wyjaśnia znaczenie cenzusu wieku w różnych wyborach.

• analizuje przymiotniki wyborcze.

• przedstawia, w jaki sposób oddaje się ważny głos w wyborach.

• analizuje procedurę wyboru i obowiązki członków komisji wyborczych.

Kształtowane kompetencje kluczowe:

• porozumiewanie się w języku obcym,

• kompetencje informatyczne,

• umiejętność uczenia się,

• kompetencje społeczne i obywatelskie,

• inicjatywność i przedsiębiorczość.

Metody nauczania:

• lekcja odwrócona,

• drama,

• rozmowa nauczająca.

Formy pracy:

• grupowa,

• zbiorowa.

Środki dydaktyczne:

• komputery z głośnikami i dostępem do internetu, słuchawki,

• zasoby multimedialne zawarte w e‑podręczniku,

• tablica interaktywna/tablica, pisak/kreda.

Przebieg zajęć:

Faza wstępna:

1. Zajęcia przeprowadzane metodą lekcji odwróconej – nauczyciel powinien przeprowadzić wprowadzenie i przydzielić uczniom zadania podczas jednego z poprzednich spotkań:

a. Uczniowie przygotują się do symulacji wyborów prezydenckich. Nauczyciel przydziela role (można przygotować je na kartkach, które wylosują uczniowie):

• marszałka sejmu,

• 3 kandydatów na prezydenta,

• 3 członków Państwowej Komisji Wyborczej,

• 3 członków obwodowej komisji wyborczej,

• 1 męża zaufania,

• 3 osoby reprezentujące Sąd Najwyższy,

• 1 wyborcę głosującego przez przedstawiciela oraz 1 przedstawiciela,

• pozostali uczniowie będą zwykłymi wyborcami.

b. Zadaniem każdej z wymienionych grup uczniów jest zapoznanie się z wszystkimi informacjami istotnymi z punktu widzenia odgrywanej roli i przygotowanie się nie tylko do jej odegrania, ale też do wyjaśnienia swojego udziału w procesie wyborczym i zasad rządzących tym udziałem. Dodatkowo każda grupa (zwłaszcza obwodowa komisja wyborcza) powinna pamiętać o przygotowaniu odpowiednich rekwizytów (np. urny wyborczej, kart do głosowania itp.).

c. Uczniowie podczas przygotowań powinni wykorzystać materiały zawarte w abstrakcie oraz schematy interaktywne „Adjectives that set out the rules for conducting elections”, „Where to put the X sign?”, Ćwiczenie 1, infografikę „The tasks of the National Electoral Commission”.

2. Nauczyciel przedstawia cel zajęć: Przeanalizujecie sposób przeprowadzania i znaczenie wyborów w polskiej demokracji.

Faza realizacyjna:

1. Podczas lekcji przeprowadzana jest symulacja wyborów prezydenckich ze wszystkimi ich etapami, przy czym poszczególni uczniowie wyjaśniają pozostałym, na czym polega ich rola i jakie zasady rządzą ich udziałem w wyborach, np. marszałek sejmu ogłasza wybory, ale wyjaśnia również kolegom i koleżankom, według jakich zasad wybrał określoną datę i przymiotniki wyborcze, które będą obowiązywały; kandydaci na prezydenta powinni wyjaśnić, jakie warunki muszą spełniać, by móc kandydować itp.

2. Podczas całego procesu symulacji wyborów nauczyciel czuwa nad poprawnością przedstawianych przez uczniów informacji, w razie potrzeby zadaje pytania dodatkowe lub poprawia i uzupełnia wypowiedzi uczniów.

3. Jeśli czas pozwoli, lekcję warto podsumować przez sporządzenie na tablicy przy pomocy uczniów osi czasu, na której zaznaczamy i krótko opisujemy kluczowe elementy procesu wyborczego.

Faza podsumowująca:

1. Na zakończenie zajęć nauczyciel zadaje uczniom pytanie: Jak sądzicie, czego jeszcze musicie się nauczyć na temat wyborów, żeby być zadowolonym ze swojej wiedzy i umiejętności?

Chętni/wybrani uczniowie udzielają odpowiedzi.

2. Propozycja zadania domowego:

a. Za pomocą metaplanu przeanalizuj problem niskiej frekwencji wyborczej w Polsce (Ćwiczenie 2).

b. Odsłuchaj nagranie abstraktu, aby powtórzyć materiał i utrwalić nowe słówka. Następnie wykonaj ćwiczenie słownikowe na końcu rozdziału.

W tej lekcji zostaną użyte m.in. następujące pojęcia oraz nagrania

Pojęcia

Teksty i nagrania

Go vote!

After 1989, elections in Poland took place on the basis of a number of electoral laws, defining the principles of parliamentary, presidential and local elections, and from 2004 also European ones. In 2010, the Sejm undertook work on a single legal act - the Election Code - which was to harmonize the principles of elections in Poland. The act was passed on January 5, 2011. It regulates voting rules in parliamentary, presidential, local government and European Parliament elections. The Election Code explains the voting rules, methods of counting votes and provisions on conditions and institutions that recognize the validity of elections and criminal provisions for crimes committed against elections. In addition, the voting hours were also harmonized - the polling stations are always open between 7.00 and 21.00. Voting always takes place on a day off work.

With the entry into force of the Election Code, all other electoral regulations, according to which elections were held earlier, ceased to apply. A novelty introduced by the Code was the possibility of voting by proxy for citizens who are over 75 years old and the right to vote by correspondence. The Code also defined very precise rules for financing election campaigns and the method of accounting for this financing.

The first election, which was carried out in accordance with the principles of the Election Code, was the parliamentary election in 2011.

The rules of the right to vote (active electoral rights)

The right to elect representatives is vested in Polish citizens. In the elections to local government (at the commune level) and elections to the European Parliament, also citizens of member states of the European Union permanently residing in the territory of Poland have the right to vote. A prerequisite is the age of 18.

The right to stand for elections (passive electoral rights)

The voting act, in accordance with the Polish electoral law and the principles of democracy, is one of the most important elements of citizens' participation in public life. It gives you the opportunity to choose your representatives who will best serve the interests of citizens and the state. That is why it should be a thoughtful and responsible decision.

Depending on the election, we put the X sign on one or several ballot papers.

The Election Code introduced the right to vote by proxy. This right can be exercised by voters who no later than on the day of the vote each the age of 75 or have a significant or moderate degree of disability. This means that all Polish citizens who, for various reasons, may have problems getting to the polling station, but who, because of their civic right and duty, want to participate in the election, have the right to vote through a proxy holder. Previously, it was necessary to go to the polling station, which was not always adapted for the disabled.

A proxy may be a person entered in the electoral roll in the same commune as the one granting the power of proxy. A power of proxy may be taken from two persons, provided that at least one of them is a relative or related. Neither a person who is part of the electoral commission competent for the district of the person granting the power of proxy nor the scrutineers and candidates running in a given election can be a proxy.

The power of proxy document is prepared before a voit (a town mayor or a president of a city) or an officer of the commune office authorized by him. It is prepared at the request of the voter, addressed to the voit (mayor, president of the city) of the commune in which the voter is entered in the electoral roll, at the latest 10 days before the election day. The application should contain: surname and first name (first names), father's name, date of birth, PESEL number and address of residence of both the voter and the person to be granted the power of proxy, as well as a clear indication of the election to which the proxy voting power applies.

The right to vote by proxy is not granted to voters:

• staying in healthcare institutions or nursing homes,

• prisoners in prisons and pre‑trial detention centers,

• voting by correspondence.

In accordance with the Election Code, district electoral commissions are appointed from among voters of each district. For example, in parliamentary or presidential elections its members are appointed by a voit (town mayor, president of a city). The electoral commission consists of 6 to 8 people. Candidates for members of electoral commissions may only be persons included in the electoral roll of a given commune. The district electoral commission also includes one local government employee indicated by the voit (town mayor, president of the city). The composition of the commission is made public. The voit (mayor, president of the city) is responsible for the preparation of polling stations in the commune. According to the Election Code, at least half of the premises of the district electoral commissions should be adapted to the needs of the disabled voters.

The Election Code defines the tasks of electoral commissions:

• conducting voting in the district in accordance with electoral rules,

• ensuring the compliance with electoral law in the place and time of voting on the election day: opening of the polling station at appropriate times, ensuring the secrecy of ballot, making sure there are no elements of election campaigns in the premises (pre‑election silence),

• determining the results of voting in the district (counting the votes) and making them public by posting a record of the voting process in a public place,

• sending the results of voting electronically to the appropriate electoral commission and securing the ballots.

Scrutineers represent election committees in electoral commissions. There may be one scrutineer from each election committee in each district electoral commission, provided the election committee has candidates registered in the district. This means that in every polling station there may be as many scrutineers as there were election committees registered there.

Neither a candidate in the elections, an electoral proxy, a (financial) plenipotentiary nor a member of an electoral commission can be a scrutineer.

According to the provisions of the Election Code, scrutineers can:

• be present at the polling station during all activities of the electoral commissions, in particular during the voting, determination of the results of the vote and preparation of the report,

• be present when transmitting the report of the electoral commission,

• participate in the process of counting the votes,

• participate in the process of checking the correctness of determining the results of voting,

• submit comments to the electoral commission report related to its work, in which specific allegations should be made.

The scrutineer present in the polling station should have an identification card with his name and the name of the election committee that he represents. He must not, under the threat of criminal responsibility, conduct any form agitation in the polling station.

National Electoral Commission

The National Election Commission, which is the highest permanent electoral body, supervises the proper conduct of elections and referenda in Poland. Its members are lawyers with many years of professional practice, proposed by representatives of the judiciary.

The National Electoral Commission consists of:

• three judges of the Constitutional Tribunal, designated by the president of the Tribunal,

• three judges of the Supreme Court, designated by the First President of the Supreme Court,

• three judges of the Supreme Administrative Court, designated by the President of the Supreme Administrative Court.

The members of the Commission are appointed by the President of the Republic of Poland. They elect a chairman of the Commission and his two deputies from among themselves. The Commission also includes the head of the National Electoral Office, who also performs the function of the secretary of the Commission. He participates in the work of the Commission in an advisory capacity.

The National Electoral Office is a body providing services to electoral bodies and performing tasks related to the organization of elections and referenda in the scope specified in the Election Code and other laws.

The announcement of the validity of the elections and their results (awarding the appropriate number of seats to individual electoral committees) is the task of the National Electoral Commission. However, the determination of the validity of the election (parliamentary, presidential and to the European Parliament) belongs to the Supreme Court. If the Supreme Court considers the election to be invalid, then it will be re‑conducted all over the country. In such a case the elections are not carried out outside of Poland. If the validity of elections is confirmed, the results are announced by the National Electoral Commission in the Journal of Laws of the Republic of Poland.

In the case of local government elections the validity is recognized by district courts, competent in a given voivodeship. These courts also deal with possible complaints from citizens about the validity of the electoral procedures carried out. After considering the protests, the district court may order the repetition of elections in a given district or may invalidate a councilor's mandate and recommend re‑election in the district. If the district court does not find evidence of errors in the conduct of elections, it decides on their validity.

The electoral right is one of the most important civil rights in modern democratic states. Representative democracy, which has become the symbol of the best political system, should be based on well‑prepared parliamentarians and councilors who treat their work as service for the public good. However, every citizen, having the right to choose representatives, should also vote thoughtfully. Casting a vote is a civic duty, testifying to citizen’s maturity and his responsibility for the state. In Poland, all rules of voting and recognition of the validity of elections are contained in one law passed by the parliament in 2011. It is the Election Code. It resolves all doubtful issues that apply to all elections in which citizens of the Republic of Poland can participate.