Topicmb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528449000663_0Topic

Vision defects – short‑sightedness and long‑sightedness and their correction

Levelmb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculummb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

IX. Optics. The student:

9) uses the concept of myopia and hyperopiahyperopiahyperopia and describes the role of lenses in correcting these eye defects.

Timingmb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesmb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Explains the concept of myopia and hyperopiahyperopiahyperopia.

Key competencesmb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Describes the mechanism of image formation in the eye in the case of myopia and hyperopia.

2. Specifies the lens function in the correction of eye defects.

3. Explains the role of accommodationaccommodationaccommodation in vision.

Operational (detailed) goalsmb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- explains the concept of myopia and hyperopia,

- describes the functioning of the lens in the eye.

Methodsmb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Experiment.

Forms of workmb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionmb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528450127855_0Introduction

Revision:

- What is the phenomenon of refraction of light?

- How the image is created in the converging lens?

Proceduremb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528446435040_0Procedure

Task
The eye is our organ of sight. The eyeball has a number of components. Some of them are explained below.

Read the definitions and find these components in the picture. Check if your answer is correct by pressing the appropriate buttons on the picture.

Definition
Cornea - the transparent part at the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eye onto the lens.mb7b7097d3d167e0a_1527752263647_0Cornea - the transparent part at the front of the eye that refracts light entering the eye onto the lens.

Definition
Lens - a transparent structure behind the pupil that refracts incoming light and focuses it onto the retinaretinaretina. The lens is able to change shape in order to improve the focus.

Definition
IrisirisIris - the coloured part of the eye that controls the amount of light that enters the eye, it is able to contact and dilate in order to control the size of the pupil depending on the light intensity.

Definition
SclerascleraSclera - the outer white part of the eye that protects the inner structures.

Definition
Retina - this is the light sensitive layer inside the eye that contains light sensitive photoreceptive cells called rods and cones. These cells change light into sight by converting light into electrical impulses. These electrical impulses are sent from the retina to the brain by means of optic nerve and interpreted as images.mb7b7097d3d167e0a_1527752256679_0Retina - this is the light sensitive layer inside the eye that contains light sensitive photoreceptive cells called rods and cones. These cells change light into sight by converting light into electrical impulses. These electrical impulses are sent from the retina to the brain by means of optic nerve and interpreted as images.

Definition
Optic nerveoptic nerveOptic nerve - nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

Definition
Ciliary muscleciliary muscleCiliary muscle - is a muscle which controls the shape of the lens.

Task
Open and watch the interactive illustration.

[Interactive illustration]

Image formation in the eye.
The objects reflect light. This light enters the eye through the corneacorneacornea. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the pupil, surrounded by the irisirisiris. The lens refracts and focuses light on the retina. The formed image is inverted. The ciliary muscleciliary muscleciliary muscle controls the shape changes of the lens, so the lens can focus light reflected from objects located at different distances. Once the image is clearly focused on the sensitive part of the retina, an electrical signal is created and carried to the brain through the optic nerveoptic nerveoptic nerve. In addition to inverting the image formed on the retinaretinaretina, the brain is also able to combine the images from both eyes to give us the perception of image depth.

[Illustration 1]

AccommodationaccommodationAccommodation.
The eye can adapt the shape and curvature of the lens to adjust the degree of refraction. The ability of the eye to adjust its focal length is known as accommodation. It allows light reflected from near or distant objects to be focused onto the retinaretinaretina. Accommodation is automatic and occurs instantaneously.

Accommodation is achieved by the contraction or relaxation of the ciliary muscles, which slacken or stretch the suspensory ligaments of lens.

Definition
AccommodationaccommodationAccommodation - the ability of the eye to adjust its focal length.

Defects of the eye.
A normal, healthy eye can see objects clearly at very far distances down to about 25 cm from the eye. 

Human eye is the natural convex lens which refracts light. The most common vision problems are refractive errors, more commonly known as short‑sightedness, long‑sightedness and astigmatism. Defects of the eye can be either congenital or acquired.

Definition
Astigmatism - it is common vision condition that causes blurred vision. The light rays do not all come to a single focal point on the retina, instead some focus on the retina and some focus in front of or behind it. The reason can be irregularly shaped cornea or sometimes the curvature of the lens inside the eye. Astigmatism can usually be corrected by using a special cylindrical lens.mb7b7097d3d167e0a_1527712094602_0Astigmatism - it is common vision condition that causes blurred vision. The light rays do not all come to a single focal point on the retina, instead some focus on the retina and some focus in front of or behind it. The reason can be irregularly shaped cornea or sometimes the curvature of the lens inside the eye. Astigmatism can usually be corrected by using a special cylindrical lens.

Definition
Long‑sightedness (Hyperopia) - this is a defect of vision in which there is difficulty with near vision but far objects can be seen easily. The image is focused behind the retina rather than upon it. This occurs when the eyeball is too short or the refractive power of the lens is too weak. Hyperopia can be corrected by wearing glasses or contacts that contain convex lenses.

Definition
Short‑sightedness (MyopiamyopiaMyopia) - this is a defect of vision in which far objects appear blurred but near objects are seen clearly. The image is focused in front of the retinaretinaretina rather than on it usually because the eyeball is too long or the refractive power of the eye's lens too strong. Myopia can be corrected by wearing glasses or contacts that contain concave lenses.

[Illustration 2]

Lesson summarymb7b7097d3d167e0a_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

Eye is one of our five senses and allows vision.

AccommodationaccommodationAccommodation causes that a normal, healthy eye can see clearly very distant objects as well as these placed at about 25 cm in front of it. Sometimes refracting problems may occur, which could be either congenital or acquired. The commonly known are myopiamyopiamyopia, hyperopiahyperopiahyperopia and astigmatismastigmatismastigmatism.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

accommodationaccommodationaccommodation

astigmatismastigmatismastigmatism

ciliary muscleciliary muscleciliary muscle

corneacorneacornea

hyperopiahyperopiahyperopia

irisirisiris

myopiamyopiamyopia

optic nerveoptic nerveoptic nerve

retinaretinaretina

sclerasclerasclera

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hyperopia

nadwzroczność

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accommodation

akomodacja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: accommodation
retina1
retina

siatkówka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: retina
iris1
iris

tęczówka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: iris
sclera1
sclera

twardówka

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wymowa w języku angielskim: sclera
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optic nerve

nerw wzrokowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: optic nerve
ciliary muscle1
ciliary muscle

mięsień rzęskowy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: ciliary muscle
cornea1
cornea

rogówka

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myopia

krótkowzroczność

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astigmatism

astygmatyzm

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