Topicm8515544b32dd48de_1528449000663_0Topic

Phenomenon of umbra and penumbra formation

Levelm8515544b32dd48de_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm8515544b32dd48de_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

IX. Optics. The student:

1) illustrates the straight line propagation of light in a homogeneous medium; explains the formation of umbra and penumbra.

Timingm8515544b32dd48de_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm8515544b32dd48de_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Explains the phenomenon of the formation of umbra and penumbra.

Key competencesm8515544b32dd48de_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Specifies point and extended light sources.

2. Presents graphically the process of creating a shadow.

Operational (detailed) goalsm8515544b32dd48de_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- recognises point and extended light sources,

- illustrates shadow formation graphically.

Methodsm8515544b32dd48de_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion.

2. Experiment.

Forms of workm8515544b32dd48de_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionm8515544b32dd48de_1528450127855_0Introduction

The teacher encourages students to discuss what shadow is.

He asks the question: „What is a shadow? Can you not have a shadow?”

Students discuss the problem in small groups and then present their opinion on the class forum.

Procedurem8515544b32dd48de_1528446435040_0Procedure

The teacher with the students formulates the definition of the shadow.

The teacher presents the definition of point and extended light source.

Definition:

Shadow is an area where light rays do not reach. Extended light source can be considered as a collection of point light sources.

Point light source is a source whose size is much smaller than the distance from the illuminated object. By presenting them graphically, we clearly indicate that the light rays come out exactly from the same point.

Extended light source is a source whose size is relatively large with respect to the distance to the illuminated object, e.g. the sun illuminating the Earth. An extended light source can also be considered as a collection of point light.

[Illustration 1]

Students get familiar with the geometric method illustrating the formation of a shadow area.

The light, encountering an opaque obstacle, is stopped by it, and behind the obstacle the shadow arises, i.e. a column illuminated by a point light source forms an umbra on the wall of the building. It can be presented graphically in various ways: spatially, as a top view and a straight view.

[Illustration 2]

Students examine the dependence of the shadow size on the mutual position of the source of light, object and screen.

Task 1

Use the applet to check how the size of the shadow changes depending on the position of the light source, object and screen.

Which sentences are right?

The shadow becomes larger when:
1. We move the object closer to the screen.
2. We move the object  closer to the light source.
3. We move the screen closer to the object.
4. We move the screen away from the object.
5. We move the source of light closer to the object.
6. We move the light source away from the object.
m8515544b32dd48de_1527752256679_0Use the applet to check how the size of the shadow changes depending on the position of the light source, object and screen.

Which sentences are right?

The shadow becomes larger when:
1. We move the object closer to the screen.
2. We move the object  closer to the light source.
3. We move the screen closer to the object.
4. We move the screen away from the object.
5. We move the source of light closer to the object.
6. We move the light source away from the object.

[Geogebra applet 1]

Students get familiar with the geometric method illustrating the formation of a shadow area in the case of an extended light source.

Task 2

Use the applet and check how the object's shadow looks like, depending on the number of point sources used.

Explain how observed shadows are formed.

[Geogebra applet 2]

Definition:
An extended light source can be considered as a collection of point light sources.

In the case of an extended light source, two regions of shadow are formed.

Umbra is the region where light rays do not reach.

Penumbra is the region to which part of the light from the source passes.

The students conduct the geometric construction of the shadow area.

Task 3

What does the shadow of a column illuminated with two point sources look like? Make an appropriate drawing of the shadow seen from a top view and a straight view.

[Illustration 3]

Solution:

[Illustration 4]

Students get familiar with the geometric method illustrating the formation of a shadow area of the Earth.

Task 5

Make a drawing showing the Sun and Earth. The sun is much larger than Earth, hence it is considered as an extended source. Draw an area behind the Earth where no Sun's rays are reaching (umbra) and the area where a part of the rays reach (penumbra).

[Illustration 5]

Task 6

A building casts a 20 m long shadow. A 1,8 m tall man standing next to the building casts 2,5 m long shadow. What is the height of the building?

Hint: 
Use similar triangle method.

[Illustration 6]

Lesson summarym8515544b32dd48de_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

Penumbra is formed when when an opaque object is illuminated by an extended source of light. A shadow without a penumbra, i.e. umbra, arises only when the opaque object is illuminated by a point source of light.m8515544b32dd48de_1527752263647_0Penumbra is formed when when an opaque object is illuminated by an extended source of light. A shadow without a penumbra, i.e. umbra, arises only when the opaque object is illuminated by a point source of light.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

shadowshadowshadow

point light sourcepoint light sourcepoint light source

extended light sourceextended light sourceextended light source

umbraumbraumbra

penumbrapenumbrapenumbra

opaqueopaqueopaque

transparenttransparenttransparent

emitemitemit

reflectreflectreflect

light sourcelight sourcelight source

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shadow1
shadow

cień

RDP0AzVjKGlm51
wymowa w języku angielskim: shadow
point light source1
point light source

punktowe źródło światła

RY7CxfS5jDPC81
wymowa w języku angielskim: point light source
extended light source1
extended light source

rozciągłe źródło światła

R11KvQ89mwM1c1
wymowa w języku angielskim: extended light source
penumbra1
penumbra

półcień - powstaje, gdy na nieprzezroczysty obiekt pada światło z rozciągłego źródła światła

RfE5y0O7Drx7a1
wymowa w języku angielskim: penumbra
opaque1
opaque

nieprzezroczysty

R1eVufE1anFb21
wymowa w języku angielskim: opaque
transparent1
transparent

przezroczysty

R1euLOvo1pAgC1
wymowa w języku angielskim: transparent
emit1
emit

wysyłać, emitować

RbIFcne9Hxg2h1
wymowa w języku angielskim: emit
reflect1
reflect

odbijać

R13tag3PKKZih1
wymowa w języku angielskim: reflect
light source1
light source

źródło światła

RfGMRnSm3JN8q1
wymowa w języku angielskim: light source
umbra1
umbra

cień

RggCb4my78FNa1
wymowa w języku angielskim: umbra