Topicmbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528449000663_0Topic

What determines the electrical resistance of the conductor?

Levelmbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculummbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

I. The use of physical concepts and quantities to describe phenomena and to indicate their examples in the surrounding reality. The student:

8) recognizes a growing or decreasing relationship based on data from the table or on the basis of a graph; recognizes simple proportionality based on the graph.

Timingmbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesmbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Formulating the research hypothesis and its experimental verification.

Key competencesmbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Formulating the research hypothesis and its experimental verification.

2. Empirical formulation of the formula for the resistance of the conductor.

3. Defining the concept of resistivity.

Operational (detailed) goalsmbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- formulates a research hypothesis and verifies it,

- presents a formula for the resistance of the conductor, uses the concept of resistivityresistivityresistivity.

Methodsmbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Discussion developing in the course of common problem solving by a class or group.

2. Organizing and applying the obtained results in new tasks of a practical or theoretical nature.

Forms of workmbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Work in groups during the experiment.

2. Work in groups on the formulation and verification of the research hypothesis.

Lesson stages

Introductionmbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528450127855_0Introduction

Answer the introductory questions for the lesson.

1. What is voltage?

2. What is current intensity?

3. Formulate the Ohm's law.

4. What is electrical resistance?

Procedurembc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528446435040_0Procedure

A conductor is characterized by the electrical resistance. It is in no way dependent on the voltage applied to the conductor or the current flowing through the conductor.

So the main question arises. What determines the resistance of the conductor?

Let us assume in further considerations that the temperature of the conductor is constantconstantconstant.

Experiment 1

Hypothesis:

The resistance of the conductor is directly proportionaldirectly proportionaldirectly proportional to the length of the conductor.

R~l

1. You will need several identical wire wound resistors, ammeter, voltmeter and voltage source to perform the experiment.

2. Build the system according to the diagram below.

[Illustration 1]

3. Perform measurements of the current flowing in the system and the voltage supplying the circuit for 5 resistors, 4 resistors, etc. Start with measurements for all resistors and then disconnect one after another.

4. Write down the measurement results into the measurement table.

[Table 1]

Note:

We are not able to determine the length of the wire used to build a single resistor, but we have the right to say that if we connect resistors in series, the total length of the wire increases n - times, where n is the number of resistors used.

5. Perform the measurements for a given number of resistors several times and write down the average value into the measurement table. This will eliminate possible gross errors (mistakes).

6. After making the measurements and their averaging, make a graph of the dependence of the total resistance of the conductor on its length.

7. Discuss the obtained result.

If you have correctly performed experiment No. 1, the graph of the dependence of R on l should look like this.

[Illustration 2]

The above graph clearly confirms the validity of research hypothesis No. 1:

R~l

The resistance of the conductor is directly proportionaldirectly proportionaldirectly proportional to its length.

Experiment 2

Hypothesis:

The resistance of the conductor is inversely proportionalinversely proportionalinversely proportional to the cross‑sectional area S of the conductor.

1. You will need several identical resistors made of resistance wire, ammeter, voltmeter and voltage source to perform the experiment.

2. Build the system according to the diagram below.

[Illustration 3]

3. Perform measurements of the current flowing in the system and the voltage supplying the circuit for 5 resistors, 4 resistors, etc. Start with measurements for all resistors and then disconnect one after another.
4. Write down the measurement results into the measurement table.
mbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1527752263647_03. Perform measurements of the current flowing in the system and the voltage supplying the circuit for 5 resistors, 4 resistors, etc. Start with measurements for all resistors and then disconnect one after another.
4. Write down the measurement results into the measurement table.

[Table 2]

Note:
We are not able to determine the cross‑sectional area of the wire used to build a single resistor, but we have the right to say that if we connect resistors in parallel, the cross‑sectional area S of the wire increases n times, where n is the number of resistors used.
5. Perform the measurements for a given number of resistors several times and write down the average value into the measurement table. This will eliminate possible gross errors (mistakes).
6. After making the measurements and their averaging, make a graph of the dependence of the total resistance of the conductor on its cross‑sectional area.
7. Discuss the obtained result.
If you have correctly performed experiment No. 2, the graph of the dependence of R on S should look like this.
mbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1527752256679_0Note:
We are not able to determine the cross‑sectional area of the wire used to build a single resistor, but we have the right to say that if we connect resistors in parallel, the cross‑sectional area S of the wire increases n times, where n is the number of resistors used.
5. Perform the measurements for a given number of resistors several times and write down the average value into the measurement table. This will eliminate possible gross errors (mistakes).
6. After making the measurements and their averaging, make a graph of the dependence of the total resistance of the conductor on its cross‑sectional area.
7. Discuss the obtained result.
If you have correctly performed experiment No. 2, the graph of the dependence of R on S should look like this.

[Illustration 4]

The above graph clearly confirms the validity of research hypothesis No. 2

R~1S

The resistance of the conductor is inversely proportionalinversely proportionalproportional to its cross‑sectional area S.

After performing two experiments, we have the right to say that:

R~lS

What else can the resistance of the conductor depend on?

The answer to this question is not so difficult. Just remember that not every conductor is built in the same way. The conductors are most often metals. Electron configuration of each metal is different and the number of valence electrons is also different.

Resistance of the conductor also depends on the type of such a conductor, on what metal the conductor is made up.

To write such a relation mathematically, a material constantconstantconstant describing a given conductor, called the resistivityresistivityresistivity (specific resistance), is introduced. Most often, we label this quantity with the letter ρ.

Eventually, we can write the formula for the resistance of the conductor:

R=ρ·lS

Below are examples of values of resistivityresistivityresistivity for selected substances.

[Table 3]

[Interactive graphics]

Lesson summarymbc2e7fc4bce06c50_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

The current flowing in the conductor is proportional to the potential difference (voltage) at its ends:

I=1R·U

The proportionality factor is the inverse of the electrical resistance R of the conductor.

We also know that the resistance of a homogeneous conductor with a constantconstantconstant cross‑section is proportional to its length and inversely proportionalinversely proportionalinversely proportional to the cross‑sectional area:

R=ρ·lS

The proportionality factor ρ is called the resistivity of the substance from which the conductor is made.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

conductor resistanceconductor resistanceconductor resistance

constantconstantconstant

directly proportionaldirectly proportionaldirectly proportional

inversely proportionalinversely proportionalinversely proportional

resistivityresistivityresistivity

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resistivity1
resistivity

opór właściwy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: resistivity
constant1
constant

wartość stała

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wymowa w języku angielskim: constant
directly proportional1
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wprost proporcjonalny

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inversely proportional1
inversely proportional

odwrotnie proporcjonalny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: inversely proportional
conductor resistance 1
conductor resistance

opór przewodnika

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wymowa w języku angielskim: conductor resistance