Topicm310815ce2f2cb01e_1528449000663_0Topic

The idea of the sequence. SequencesequenceSequence as a function of natural variable

Levelm310815ce2f2cb01e_1528449084556_0Level

Third

Core curriculumm310815ce2f2cb01e_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

VI. Sequences. Basic level. Student:

1) calculates terms of sequences determined by the explicit formula;

2) calculates initial terms of sequences determined by the recursive formula;

3) in simple cases investigates whether the sequencesequencesequence is increasing or decreasing.

Timingm310815ce2f2cb01e_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General objectivem310815ce2f2cb01e_1528449523725_0General objective

Using mathematical objects, interpreting mathematical concepts.

Specific objectivesm310815ce2f2cb01e_1528449552113_0Specific objectives

1. Calculating terms of the sequenceterms of the sequenceterms of the sequence defined by the explicit formula or by the recursive formula.

2. Determining monotonicity of the sequencesequencesequence.

3. Communicating in English, developing basic mathematical, computer and scientific competences, developing learning skills.

Learning outcomesm310815ce2f2cb01e_1528450430307_0Learning outcomes

The student:

- calculates terms of the sequence defined by the explicit formula or by the recursive formula,

- determines monotonicity of the sequencesequencesequence.

Methodsm310815ce2f2cb01e_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Asking the expert.

2. Situational analysis.

Forms of workm310815ce2f2cb01e_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Group work.

Lesson stages

Introductionm310815ce2f2cb01e_1528450127855_0Introduction

Students revise the concept of a function, especially functions whose domain is the set of natural numbers. They also revise terms connected to monotonicity of the function.

Two students prepare information about sequences before the class. They can prepare a multimedia presentation or posters.

Procedurem310815ce2f2cb01e_1528446435040_0Procedure

Experts (students) present information about sequences, examples of situations from everyday life that illustrate the idea of the sequencesequencesequence.

Students discuss it and together write down the definition of the sequence.

Definition
- A sequence is a function defined in the set of natural, positive numbers. Values of this function for consecutive natural numbers are terms of the sequence.
- If a sequence is infinite, then its domain is the set of natural, positive numbers. The domain of a finite sequence is the set {1, 2 ,..., n}.
- Number sequences are such sequences in which terms are numbers. We mark sequences usually as (aIndeks dolny n), (bIndeks dolny n), (cIndeks dolny n).
m310815ce2f2cb01e_1527752263647_0- A sequence is a function defined in the set of natural, positive numbers. Values of this function for consecutive natural numbers are terms of the sequence.
- If a sequence is infinite, then its domain is the set of natural, positive numbers. The domain of a finite sequence is the set {1, 2 ,..., n}.
- Number sequences are such sequences in which terms are numbers. We mark sequences usually as (aIndeks dolny n), (bIndeks dolny n), (cIndeks dolny n).

Task
Students work individually, using computers. Their task is to move points on the plot so that they create a sequencesequencesequence.

[Geogebra applet]

The teacher divides students into groups. Each group gets a task to do. Experts walk around walking groups, clarify doubts and give tips.

Task
Group I:

- Calculate the second, the fifth and the tenth term of a sequencesequencesequence defined as follows:

a) an=2n+4,nN+

b) an=n+1n,nN+

c) a1=2 and an+1=an-12, nN+

- Ask experts how are called types of formulas that occurred in the exercise.

- How else can we present a sequence?

Task
Group II:

- Look at plots and give properties of sequences that they represent.

[Illustration 1]

[Illustration 2]

[Illustration 3]

- Ask the expert how such sequences are called.

- Formulate definitions of these sequences.

- Investigate monotonicity of the sequencesequencesequence: an=n+1n,nN+.

Task
Group III:

- Look at plots and give properties of sequences that they represent.

[Illustration 4]

[Illustration 5]

[Illustration 6]

- Ask the expert how such sequences are called.

- Formulate definitions of these sequences.

Task
Group IV:

- Give answers to the following exercises. Justify them with necessary calculations.

- How many positive terms are in the sequencesequencesequence defined by the formula: an=n2-5n+1,nN+?

- Which terms of the sequence an=3n2-2n-12n,nN+, are natural numbers?

- Which terms of the sequenceterms of the sequenceterms of the sequence an=(n2-1)(n2-4)(n+5),nN+, are close to zero?

- If you have difficulties doing the exercise, ask expert for some tips.

After having completed the exercise, groups present results of their work and conclusions. The teacher evaluates students’ work and clarifies doubts.

Conclusions:
- A sequence is called increasing if each one of its terms, starting from the second one, is greater than the directly preceding term, so for each positive integer n there is the inequality aIndeks dolny n+1 > aIndeks dolny n.
- A sequence is called decreasing if each one of its terms, starting from the second one, is smaller than the directly preceding term, so for each positive integer n there is the inequality aIndeks dolny n+1 < aIndeks dolny n.
- A sequence is called constant if all terms of this sequence are equal so for any each positive integer n there is the equality aIndeks dolny n+1 = aIndeks dolny n.
- A sequence is called non‑decreasing if each one of its terms, starting from the second one, is not smaller than the directly preceding term, so for each positive integer n there is the inequality n an+1an.
- A sequence is called non‑increasing if each one of its terms, starting from the second one, is not greater than the directly preceding term, so for each positive integer n there is the inequality an+1an.
- If a sequence is increasing, decreasing, non‑increasing, non‑decreasing or constant, then we say that this sequence is monotonic. Other sequence are non‑monotonic.
m310815ce2f2cb01e_1527752256679_0- A sequence is called increasing if each one of its terms, starting from the second one, is greater than the directly preceding term, so for each positive integer n there is the inequality aIndeks dolny n+1 > aIndeks dolny n.
- A sequence is called decreasing if each one of its terms, starting from the second one, is smaller than the directly preceding term, so for each positive integer n there is the inequality aIndeks dolny n+1 < aIndeks dolny n.
- A sequence is called constant if all terms of this sequence are equal so for any each positive integer n there is the equality aIndeks dolny n+1 = aIndeks dolny n.
- A sequence is called non‑decreasing if each one of its terms, starting from the second one, is not smaller than the directly preceding term, so for each positive integer n there is the inequality n an+1an.
- A sequence is called non‑increasing if each one of its terms, starting from the second one, is not greater than the directly preceding term, so for each positive integer n there is the inequality an+1an.
- If a sequence is increasing, decreasing, non‑increasing, non‑decreasing or constant, then we say that this sequence is monotonic. Other sequence are non‑monotonic.

An extra task
Write the formula for the n‑thterm of the sequencesequencesequence (aIndeks dolny n), defined recursively:

a1=3 and an+1=an, nN+.

Lesson summarym310815ce2f2cb01e_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

Students do the revision exercises.

Then together they sum‑up the classes, by formulating the conclusions to memorise.

- A sequence is a function defined in the set of natural, positive numbers. Values of this function for consecutive natural numbers are terms of the sequence.
- A sequence is monotonic if it is increasing, decreasing, non‑increasing, non‑decreasing or constant:
- The sequence (an) is increasing, if aIndeks dolny n+1 > aIndeks dolny n.
- The sequence (an) is decreasing, if aIndeks dolny n+1 < aIndeks dolny n.
- The sequence (an) is constant, if aIndeks dolny n+1 = aIndeks dolny n.
- The sequence (an) is non‑decreasing, if an+1an.
- The sequence (an) is non‑increasing, if an+1an.
m310815ce2f2cb01e_1527712094602_0- A sequence is a function defined in the set of natural, positive numbers. Values of this function for consecutive natural numbers are terms of the sequence.
- A sequence is monotonic if it is increasing, decreasing, non‑increasing, non‑decreasing or constant:
- The sequence (an) is increasing, if aIndeks dolny n+1 > aIndeks dolny n.
- The sequence (an) is decreasing, if aIndeks dolny n+1 < aIndeks dolny n.
- The sequence (an) is constant, if aIndeks dolny n+1 = aIndeks dolny n.
- The sequence (an) is non‑decreasing, if an+1an.
- The sequence (an) is non‑increasing, if an+1an.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

constant sequenceconstant sequenceconstant sequence

decreasing sequencedecreasing sequencedecreasing sequence

increasing sequenceincreasing sequenceincreasing sequence

monotonic sequencemonotonic sequencemonotonic sequence

non‑decreasing sequencenon‑decreasing sequencenon‑decreasing sequence

non‑increasing sequencenon‑increasing sequencenon‑increasing sequence

sequencesequencesequence

terms of the sequenceterms of the sequenceterms of the sequence

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sequence1
sequence

ciąg

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wymowa w języku angielskim: sequence
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wyrazy ciągu

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wymowa w języku angielskim: terms of the sequence
constant sequence1
constant sequence

ciąg stały

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wymowa w języku angielskim: constant sequence
decreasing sequence1
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ciąg malejący

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ciąg rosnący

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ciąg monotoniczny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: monotonic sequence
non‑decreasing sequence1
non‑decreasing sequence

ciąg niemalejący

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ciąg nierosnący

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