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Topicm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528449000663_0Topic

Pressure. Hydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressureHydrostatic pressure and atmospheric pressureatmospheric pressureatmospheric pressure

Levelm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

I. The use of physical concepts and quantities to describe phenomena and to indicate their examples in the surrounding reality. The student:

V. 3) uses the concept of normal forcenormal forcenormal force and the concept of pressure in liquids and gases along with its unit; applies the relationship between normal force and pressure to the calculation;

4) uses the concept of atmospheric pressure.

Timingm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Using physical quantities to describe the pressurepressurepressure.

Key competencesm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Recognition of pressure as a physical quantity and its unit.

2. Determining types of pressure.

Operational (detailed) goalsm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- recognizes the concept of: normal forcenormal forcenormal force, pressure, pascalpascalpascal,

- determines what the different type of pressure depends on; knows the pressure unit.

Methodsm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Learning by observation.

2. Teaching by studying experimental problems.

Forms of workm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual or group work while solving problem tasks.

2. Work with the whole class.

Lesson stages

Introductionm887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528450127855_0Introduction

Answer the questions:

a) What is the measure of all interactions?
b) What are the characteristics of a vector quantity?
c) What are the characteristics of a scalar quantity?
d) What are the examples of vector quantities and scalar quantities?
e) What is the densitydensitydensity?
f) What determines the density of the body?
g) What do the prefixes kilo-, hekto-, mega- ?

Answer:

a) The measure of all interactions is the force acting on the body associated with the specific interaction.
b) Vector quantity is characterized by specifying direction (direction and return or sense), magnitude and point of application (not always taken into account).
c) The scalar quantity is uniquely described by a number accompanied by a unit, defining its magnitude. It is an isotropic quantity, which means that its magnitude is not dependent on the direction considered in the description of the phenomenon associated with this quantity.
d) The vector quantities are force, displacement and velocity. The scalar quantities are mass, temperature, volume.
e) DensitydensityDensity is the amount of matter per unit of volume, i.e. the quantity defined as the ratio of the mass of the substance to the volume occupied by it.
f) Density of a body depends on its physical state. The density of solids is similar to the density of liquids. The density of gases is many orders of magnitude smaller.
g) Frequently used prefixes in the SI system are kilo- 10Indeks górny 3, hecto-  10Indeks górny 2 and mega- 10Indeks górny 6.

Procedurem887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528446435040_0Procedure

Task 1

Look at the pictures and answer the question:

[Illustration 1]

In which shoes would you go:

a) to the cinema,
b) to the mountains,
c) to the ball?

Provide the explanation for you choice.

Answer:

a) To the cinema in sneakers, because they are comfortable and have large contact area with the floor surfacesurfacesurface. Rubber sole prevents slipping.

b) In the mountains in hiking shoes, because of the large area of the sole, which gives a good grip, the rigid material of the sole is resistant to abrasion.

c) To the ball in high heels because they are elegant, although not very comfortable, and the contact area with the floor is small.

Experiment 1

Research problem:

What determines the effects of the constant force with direction perpendicular to the surface.

Research hypothesis:

The effects of this force depend on the surface area on which this force operates and its value.

Requisites:

1. A box filled with, for example, flour (or wet sand).
2. A heavy cuboid with different side walls.

Instruction:

1. Smooth the surfacesurfacesurface of the flour in the box.
2. Place a cuboid with the side of medium area on the flour.
3. Lift it so that the imprint remains on the surface of the flour.
4. Repeat the same for the other sides of cuboid.

Observation:

In each of the three examined cases, the force (cuboid weight) and its direction (vertically down) were the same. Only the area of the surface on which this force acted was changed. The larger the area, the smaller the hollow in the flour.

Conclusion:

The effect of the contact interaction of the force distributed over the surface depends on the contact surface area of the interacting bodies.

The smaller the area of the interaction, the greater the effect of the interaction.

Task 2

View the Geogebra applet „Effect of varying force on the same surface area” depicting a cylinder placed on the sand. Different forces F from 0 N to 10 N act on the cylinder. With increasing force, the cylinder is getting deeper into the sand.

[Geogebra aplet]

[Gallery 1]

Task 3

Provide a general conclusion resulting from the experiment and the viewed applet.

Conclusion:

The effects of the force depend on its magnitude and the area of the surface on which this force acts.

Summary:

A force that is not applied at a point but acts perpendicular to the surface that an object contacts, is called the normal forcenormal forcenormal force.

The physical quantity, which is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of the object per unit of surface on which this force operates, is called pressurepressurepressure.

The pressure is indicated by a lowercase letter p. In order to calculate the pressure, the normal force F should be divided by the surface area S, over which this force is distributed.

The formula for pressure:

pressure=magnitudeofforcesurfacearea

then:

p=FS

The unit of pressure in the SI system is pascalpascalpascal (Pa).

[p]=[F][S]=1N1m2=1Pa

Note:

The pressurepressurepressure is a scalar quantity. You cannot determine the direction of the pressure.

Task 4

Explain what it means that the pressure is 20 Pa (twenty pascals).

Answer:

The pressure of 20 Pa means a force of 20 N (twenty newton) per surface 1 mIndeks górny 2 (one square meter).

Experiment 2

Research problem:

Is there a relationship between the hydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressure exerted by the liquid and the height of the liquid columnheight of the liquid columnheight of the liquid column?

Hypothesis:

The hydrostatic pressurepressurepressure increases with the increase of the height of the liquid column.

What will be needed:

a) a 1,5 l plastic beverage bottle;
b) bowl with a flat surface;
c) needle;
d) water;
e) a bottle support.

Instruction:

a) Make a few holes (four or five) in the bottle one above the other. Keep even gaps between them.
b) Put the bottle in a bowl on the support.
c) Fill the bottle with water.

Observation:

[Illustration 2]

The range of the water jet flowing out through the hole closest to the bottom of the bottle is the largest, and the range of the jet flowing out through the highest hole - the smallest.

Conclusion:

The hydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressure depends on the height of the liquid column. The higher it is, the larger the pressure exerted by the liquid.

Experiment 3

The influence of the liquid densitydensitydensity on the pressure it exerts.

Research problem:

Does the hydrostatic pressure depend on the density of the liquid?

Hypothesis:

The increase in the density of the liquid increases the hydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressure.

What will be needed:

a) three identical, small plastic drinks bottles;
b) three balloons;
c) three rubber bands;
d) scissors;
e) three laboratory retort stands;
f) water;
g) denatured alcohol;
h) oil.

Instructions:

a) Cut the bottoms of the bottles with scissors.
b) Cut out three membranes from the balloons.
c) Put a membrane on each bottle (instead of the cap).
d) Seal each membrane on the edge of the bottle with a rubber band.
e) Attach the bottles to retort stands.
f) Put the same volume of different liquids into each of them: the first one - water, the second - denatured alcohol, and the third - oil.
m887c0b83a25bfc7c_1527752256679_0a) Cut the bottoms of the bottles with scissors.
b) Cut out three membranes from the balloons.
c) Put a membrane on each bottle (instead of the cap).
d) Seal each membrane on the edge of the bottle with a rubber band.
e) Attach the bottles to retort stands.
f) Put the same volume of different liquids into each of them: the first one - water, the second - denatured alcohol, and the third - oil.

Observation:

[Illustration 3]

After deformation of the membranes, it can be assumed that the highest pressurepressurepressure is exerted by the liquid with the largest densitydensitydensity (in our experiment it is water), and the smallest - by the liquid with the lowest density (i.e. denatured alcohol).

Conclusion:

All membranes had the same surfacesurfacesurface area. So if we use the definition of pressure, we come to the conclusion that the highest pressure was exerted by the liquid with the largest density - water, the medium pressure exerted oil, and the lowest pressure – denatured alcohol, because its density is the smallest. Experiment showed that the pressure of the liquid depends not only on the height of the column, but also on the type of liquid, and more specifically on its density.

The hydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressure depends on the height of the liquid columnheight of the liquid columnheight of the liquid column and the density of the liquid

Summary:

As you remember from the beginning of the lesson:

pressure=magnitudeofforcesurfacearea

i.e.

p=FS

The force is equal to the weight of the liquid above the surface S. The formula for weight (not only liquids) is:

Q=m·g

and for density:

d=mV

After transformation:

m=d·V

It follows that:

Q=V·d·g

And since the volume is equal to the product of the base surfacesurfacesurface area and the height:

V=S·h

hence, after substituting the above expression to the formula for weight, we get:

Q=S·h·g·d

And then, we substitute the expression for the weight to the formula for the pressurepressurepressure and we get:

p=ShgdS

after simplification, we got the formula for hydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressure:

p=h·g·d

p [Pa] – pressure exerted by the liquid,

d [kgm3] – density of the liquid,

g [ms2] - standard gravitaty,

h [m] - the height of the liquid columnheight of the liquid columnheight of the liquid column.

View photos 1, 2, 3, 4 showing different barometers and answer the questions.

[Illustration 4]

[Illustration 5]

[Illustration 6]

[Illustration 7]

Answer the questions:

a) What physical quantity can be measured using the instruments in pictures 1 - 4?
b) What determines the atmospheric pressureatmospheric pressureatmospheric pressure?
c) Is the atmospheric pressure on the Earth the same everywhere?
d) Where is the higher atmospheric pressurepressurepressure in the mountains or by the sea?

Answer:

a) The barometers shown in the pictures are used to measure atmospheric pressure.
b) Atmospheric pressure depends among others on the water content in the atmosphere.
c) Atmospheric pressure is different at different places on the Earth's surfacesurfacesurface.
d) The atmospheric pressure in the lowlands and by the sea is higher than the atmospheric pressure in the mountains.

Lesson summarym887c0b83a25bfc7c_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

- The pressure is the physical quantity that informs us how large is the force exerted on a surface area unit.
- The pressure is indicated by a lowercase letter p.
- To calculate the pressure, the force F acting perpendicular to the surface should be divided by the surface area S, on which this force acts.
- The basic pressure unit in the SI system is pascal (1 Pa).
- 1 pascal is the pressure exerted by a force of 1 newton acting on a surface of 1 mIndeks górny 2. Practically often used pressure units are also hektopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa), kilopascal (1 kPa = 1000 Pa) and megapascal (1 MPa = 1000000 Pa).
- The pressure due to the weight of the liquid at rest is called hydrostatic pressure. The hydrostatic pressure depends both on the height of the liquid column and its density.
- Atmospheric pressure is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the bodies in its area or on the surface of the Earth. Atmospheric pressure - like hydrostatic pressure - is related to the weight of the air above the level at which we measure the pressure. The closer to the Earth's surface, the higher the atmospheric pressure, and conversely - it is lower on mountain peaks than in the valleys. With the height increase by one meter, counting from the sea level, the atmospheric pressure decreases by approximately 11,3 Pa. Atmospheric pressure is changing. Its value at sea level is approximately 1013,25 hPa. We name it normal pressure.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

atmospheric pressureatmospheric pressureatmospheric pressure

barometerbarometerbarometer

densitydensitydensity

height of the liquid columnheight of the liquid columnheight of the liquid column

hydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressurehydrostatic pressure

normal forcenormal forcenormal force

pascalpascalpascal

pressurepressurepressure

surfacesurfacesurface

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ciśnienie hydrostatyczne

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ciśnienie atmosferyczne

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parcie

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ciśnienie

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paskal

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gęstość

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powierzchnia

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wysokość słupa cieczy

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barometr

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