Topicm69858b29b034797d_1528449000663_0Topic

Molecular structure and physical properties of gases

Levelm69858b29b034797d_1528449084556_0Level

Second

Core curriculumm69858b29b034797d_1528449076687_0Core curriculum

I. The use of physical concepts and quantities to describe phenomena and to indicate their examples in the surrounding reality.

Timingm69858b29b034797d_1528449068082_0Timing

45 minutes

General learning objectivesm69858b29b034797d_1528449523725_0General learning objectives

Presentation of the molecular structure of gases.

Key competencesm69858b29b034797d_1528449552113_0Key competences

1. Presentation of intermolecular interactions in gases.

2. Determination of the strength of intermolecular interactions in gases.

3. Determination of the relationship between molecular structure and gas properties.

Operational (detailed) goalsm69858b29b034797d_1528450430307_0Operational (detailed) goals

The student:

- recognizes the molecular structure of gases,

- determines the relationship between the molecular structure of gases and their physical properties.

Methodsm69858b29b034797d_1528449534267_0Methods

1. Learning by observation.

2. Problem lecture.

Forms of workm69858b29b034797d_1528449514617_0Forms of work

1. Individual work.

2. Work with the whole class, brainstorming.

Lesson stages

Introductionm69858b29b034797d_1528450127855_0Introduction

Task 1

Answer the questions:

a) Provide characteristics of gases.
b) Are there any intermolecular interactions in gases?
c) What will the strength of these interactions depend on?
d) What is the strength of intermolecular interactions in gases in relation to intermolecular interactions in liquids or solids?

Answer:

a) Gases take on the shape of the vessel in which they are and fill all its volume.
b) Molecular interactions in gases are very weak.
c) The strength of molecular interactions in a gas depends on the type of gas, i.e. on the chemical structure of its molecules and on the gas pressure.
d) Interactions in gases are much weaker than in liquids and solids.
m69858b29b034797d_1527752256679_0a) Gases take on the shape of the vessel in which they are and fill all its volume.
b) Molecular interactions in gases are very weak.
c) The strength of molecular interactions in a gas depends on the type of gas, i.e. on the chemical structure of its molecules and on the gas pressure.
d) Interactions in gases are much weaker than in liquids and solids.

Procedurem69858b29b034797d_1528446435040_0Procedure

Task 2

You have at your disposal:

a) balloon,
b) effervescent tablet,
c) a narrow test tube filled with water.

Using only the items above, suggest the sequence of the action that must be performed to show that the gases take up the volumevolumevolume of the vessel they are in.

Answer:

1. I fill the test tube halfway with water.
2. I throw an effervescent tablet into the water in the test tube.
3. I quickly put the balloon on the test tube opening.
4. I observe the filling of the balloon with gas released from the effervescent tablet.
5. I record the results of observations in the form of a note.

Task 3

Answer the questions:

a) In an inflated balloon, do gases only occupy a specific part of the balloon volume?
b) What examples do you know which demonstrates that gases fill the entire volume available to them?

Answer:

a) In the inflated balloon, you can observe that gas always fills the entire volumevolumevolume.
b) When inflating a bicycle tire, the air fills the entire volume of the tire. In the entire house, on the ground floor, in the basement and on the first floor there is always atmospheric airatmospheric airatmospheric air, whose properties are the same everywhere.

Task 4

Watch slideshows „Gas expansionexpansionexpansion - tire” and „Gas expansion - balloon” where you can see experiment related to gas expansion.

Please note that increasing the volumevolumevolume occupied by gas is not related to increasing the total amount of gas molecules in the tank.

[Slideshow 1]

[Slideshow 2]

Conclusions:

a) The gases can expand, it was evident in the experiment with the expansion of air from the inflated tire to the pump cylinder or to the bicycle tire.
b) The reason for the fact that the inflated balloon placed in the air retains its shape is to balance the interaction of molecules inside the balloon by the interaction of the air molecules on the balloon walls.
c) Reducing the amount of air molecules as a result of pumping out with a vacuum pumpvacuum pumpvacuum pump causes the pressurepressurepressure exerted by the air molecules on the outer surface of the balloon to decrease. Thanks to this the balloon expands.

Conclusion:

The air pressure depends on the concentration of air molecules.

Experiment 1

ExpansionexpansionExpansion of gas.

Research problem:

Which phenomenon is accompanied by rapid gas expansion.

Research hypothesis:

The expansion of the gas causes a reduction in the concentration of particles, which in effect may reduce not only the pressure, but also the temperature of the gas.

What will be needed:

a) small glass mirror,
b) deodorant in a pressure container.

Instructions:

1. Bring the deodorant valve close to the mirror and empty the deodorant towards the mirror for a few seconds.
2. Observe the condensation of water on the mirror.

Observation:

As a result of cooling caused by the stream of expanding gas coming out of the deodorant valve, the mirror is covered with a mist of condensation from the air.

Conclusion:

The expansionexpansionexpansion of gas is often accompanied by a decrease in its temperature, which is most clearly visible when this process occurs rapidly.

Task 5

Determine whether the sentences below are true or false:

a) Gas molecules exhibit large attractive and weak repulsive interactions.
b) Gases increase in volumevolumevolume as interactions between molecules are very weak.
c) Gases easily reduce their volume, because their molecules are far away from each other.
d) Reducing the volume of the gas tank as a result of gas compressioncompressioncompression forces causes an increase in the gas pressurepressurepressure in the tank.

Answer:

a) False. b) True. c) True. d) True.

[Illustration 1]

Task 6

Complete the data on the chemical composition of dry air in the table.

[Table 1]

Lesson summarym69858b29b034797d_1528450119332_0Lesson summary

- Molecules in gases interact weakly between themselves, their motion is chaotic and takes place in the entire available space.
- Gas molecules completely fill the volume of the vessel, regardless of its shape. During the movement, they collide with each other and „bombard” the walls of the container.
- The most widespread gas in nature is air. Dry air is a mixture of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The remaining 1% of the composition are carbon dioxide and noble gases.
- Gases have no shape - they take the shape of the vessel in which they in.
- Gases have no specific volume - they take on the volume of the vessel they are in.
- Gases are compressible (unlike solids and liquids).
- Expansion of the gas consists in increasing its volume and decreasing pressure.
- The expansion of gas is often accompanied by a decrease in its temperature, which is most clearly visible when this process occurs rapidly.
- The speed of most gas molecules at room temperature do not excieed 1000 ms.
m69858b29b034797d_1527752263647_0- Molecules in gases interact weakly between themselves, their motion is chaotic and takes place in the entire available space.
- Gas molecules completely fill the volume of the vessel, regardless of its shape. During the movement, they collide with each other and „bombard” the walls of the container.
- The most widespread gas in nature is air. Dry air is a mixture of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The remaining 1% of the composition are carbon dioxide and noble gases.
- Gases have no shape - they take the shape of the vessel in which they in.
- Gases have no specific volume - they take on the volume of the vessel they are in.
- Gases are compressible (unlike solids and liquids).
- Expansion of the gas consists in increasing its volume and decreasing pressure.
- The expansion of gas is often accompanied by a decrease in its temperature, which is most clearly visible when this process occurs rapidly.
- The speed of most gas molecules at room temperature do not excieed 1000 ms.

Selected words and expressions used in the lesson plan

atmospheric airatmospheric airatmospheric air

chaotic motionchaotic motionchaotic motion

compressioncompressioncompression

decreasing temperaturedecreasing temperaturedecreasing temperature

expansionexpansionexpansion

moleculemoleculemolecule

pressurepressurepressure

vacuum pumpvacuum pumpvacuum pump

vessel volumevessel volumevessel volume

volumevolumevolume

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volume1
volume

objętość

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powietrze atmosferyczne

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expansion1
expansion

rozprężanie

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vacuum pump1
vacuum pump

pompa próżniowa

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pressure1
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ciśnienie

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compression1
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sprężanie

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chaotic motion1
chaotic motion

chaotyczny ruch

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decreasing temperature1
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obniżenie temperatury

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molecule1
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cząsteczka

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objętość naczynia

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