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Melting and solidification part 1

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Wpływ temperatury na zmiany stanu skupienia ciał

Topnienie, Krzepnięcie, Parowanie. Wrzenie, Skraplanie, Sublimacja, Resublimacja

You will learn
  • the physical processes taking place in nature

  • the English vocabulary related to the physical processes.

Exercise 1

Look at the picture and answer the questions:

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nagranie abstraktu
  1. In how many states of mater does water exist on the Earth?

  2. When does the water transform from one state of matter to another?

  3. Name the physical processes presented in the picture which you know.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

Watch the slideshow „MeltingmeltingMelting of Wood's alloy”

Note:

  • Wood alloy - a low-meltingmeltingmelting metal alloy (melts already at 66,5°C), silver‑gray, fine‑grained, consisting of bismuth, cadmium, lead and tin.

  • It was received by an American dentist Barnabas Wood and was used in dentistry. This alloy is usually used: in jewellery for soldering.

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Pokaz slajdów - topnienie stopu Wooda. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 2
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nagranie abstraktu

Answer the following questions:

  1. What should be done to melt the solid?

  2. Does the solid melt at any temperature?

  3. How do solid particles behave while heating?

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nagranie abstraktu

MeltingmeltingMelting

  • Phase transitionphase transitionPhase transition in which transformation of a solid substance into a liquid state is observed.

  • The energy supplied to the solid causes overcoming binding forces between solid particles.

SolidificationsolidificationSolidification

  • The liquid transformation into a solid state.

  • The energy released by the liquid reduces the velocity of the particles, and the attraction forces connect them to a solid body.

  • The start of solidificationsolidificationsolidification process depends on the presence of nucleation seeds in the liquid on which the crystal formation process begins.

EvaporationevaporationEvaporation

  • Evaporation - transformation of the liquid into a gas state.

  • The energy supplied to the liquid overcomes the attractive forces between the molecules.

  • The speed of the evaporationevaporationevaporation process depends on the temperature and the vapor pressure above the liquid.

CondensationcondensationCondensation

  • Liquefying transformation of gas into a liquid state.

  • The cooled gas releases energy, the velocity of particles decreases, the attraction forces make the particles to be closer.

  • CondensationcondensationCondensation is associated with a reduction in the distance between the molecules of the substance.

  • The drop in temperature causes the decrease in molecules motion speed.

  • The forces of interaction between them increase until a new state of equilibrium is achieved.

SublimationsublimationSublimation

  • The direct transfer of substances from solid to gas state without passing the liquid state.

  • Dry ice (solidified carbon dioxide) is an example of a sublimating body in normal conditions.

  • A block of frozen carbon dioxide, exposed in a room to a typical atmospheric pressure and the temperature about 20°C, will sublimate and will not melt.

Resublimation

  • Direct transfer of a substance from a gas state to a solid one, omitting a liquid state.

  • Resublimation is a process opposite to sublimationsublimationsublimation. Frost is created as a result of resublimation of water (steam).

  • Resublimation, in combination with sublimationsublimationsublimation or evaporationevaporationevaporation, is used to purify or separate the substance and to obtain it in the form of fine crystals (this is, among others, iodine purification method).

Exercise 3
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nagranie abstraktu

Complete the phase transformation scheme with the names of phase transitions next to the arrows (use the following names of phase transformations: meltingmeltingmelting, solidificationsolidificationsolidification, sublimationsublimationsublimation, resublimation, evaporationevaporationevaporation, condensationcondensationcondensation).

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Phase transformation scheme
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

Summary

  • MeltingmeltingMelting is a change in the state of the body from solid into liquid. It occurs at a constant temperature, called the meltingmeltingmelting temperature.

  • SolidificationsolidificationSolidification is a change in the state of the body from liquid to solid. This process can occur in the opposite direction (meltingmeltingmelting).

  • Some bodies change from the solid to the liquid state without the established transition temperature. Within a certain temperature range, the body gradually softens and becomes liquid. This process is called softening.

  • EvaporationevaporationEvaporation is the change in the state of the body in which the body transforms from liquid to gas. It occurs on the surface of the liquid.

  • CondensationcondensationCondensation is a phenomenon of transforming steam or gas into the liquid state.

  • SublimationsublimationSublimation is a phenomenon of a direct transition from the solid state to the gas state, omitting the liquid state.

  • Resublimation is the phenomenon of direct transition from the gas to the solid state, omitting the liquid state.

Exercises

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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Wet underwear can be dried outside in winter because sublimation takes place., 2. Water turns into ice at the melting point of water., 3. Atmospheric sediment; the result of the water vapor contact with the substrate at the temperature lower than 0°C - it's frost., 4. The process of converting liquids into gas, taking place in the whole volume of the liquid at a specific temperature - it's boiling., 5. The ice melts at -10°C.
Exercise 5

Mum put salt and some butter into the pot with soup. What kind of process are butter and salt subject to?

Exercise 6

Write in English why liquid evaporates faster when it has a higher temperature? Explain this process taking into account the molecular structure of bodies.

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Exercise 7
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. parowanie - evaporation, 2. topnienie - melting, 3. skraplanie - condensation, 4. krzepnięcie - boiling, 5. wrzenie - freezing
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

boiling
boiling

wrzenie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: boiling
condensation
condensation

skraplanie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: condensation
evaporation
evaporation

parowanie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: evaporation
freezing
freezing

krzepnięcie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: freezing
melting
melting

topnienie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: melting
phase transition
phase transition

przemiana fazowa

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wymowa w języku angielskim: phase transition
solidification
solidification

krzepnięcie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: solidification
sublimation
sublimation

sublimacja

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wymowa w języku angielskim: sublimation

Keywords

boilingboilingboiling

condensationcondensationcondensation

evaporationevaporationevaporation

freezingfreezingfreezing

meltingmeltingmelting