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Non-uniform rectilinear motion. Acceleration. Average velocity and instantaneous velocity

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Ruch zmienny prostoliniowy. Przyspieszenie. Prędkość średnia i chwilowa

You will learn
  • about the concept of acceleration and its unit,

  • how to use the concept of acceleration using English vocabulary.

Exercise 1
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nagranie abstraktu

Answer the questions.

1. Give the definition of uniform rectilinear motion.

2. Explain why velocity is a vector quantity.

Exercise 2

Look at the v(t) dependence graph and answer the questions.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

1. Describe how the body speed changes in this motion?

2. How would you call such a motion?

3. Is the average speed in this motion always equal to the instantaneous speed?

4. Suggest the method of determining the average speed in this motion. (Hint: think about how you calculate your average speed on the way to school).

Non‑uniform motion
Definition: Non‑uniform motion
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nagranie abstraktu

The motion in which the speed change occurs is called non‑uniform motionnon‑uniform motionnon‑uniform motion.

Accelerated motion
Definition: Accelerated motion

The motion in which the speed increases is called accelerated motionaccelerated motionaccelerated motion.

Decelerated motion
Definition: Decelerated motion

The motion in which the speed decreases is called decelerated motiondecelerated motiondecelerated motion.

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Pokaz multimedialny - Przyspieszenie pociągu osobowego. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Acceleration of a passenger train
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 3
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nagranie abstraktu

Questions for the slideshow.

1. What kind of motion is it?
2. What quantities describing train motion change?
3. How can we calculate accelerationaccelerationacceleration of this train?
4. In what unit we express acceleration?
5. Is acceleration a scalar or a vector quantity?

Definitional formula for acceleration
acceleration=speedchangetimeofchange
a=Δvt
Acceleration unit in the SI system
[mss]=[ms1s]=[ms2]
Exercise 4
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nagranie abstraktu

Calculate with what accelerationaccelerationacceleration the car moves, when in 5 seconds it increased its speed from 0 to 15 ms.

Deceleration
Definition: Deceleration
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nagranie abstraktu

If the body decreases its speed, the acceleration has a negative value. We are talking about a decelerationdecelarationdeceleration.

Exercise 5
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nagranie abstraktu

Calculate the value of the accelerationaccelerationacceleration of the body, which reduces its speed from 50 ms to 30 ms in 10 seconds.

Exercise 6

Determine which sentences are true.

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nagranie abstraktu

Acceleration of 6 ms2 informs us that:

a) the body changed its speed by 3 ms during 0,5 s.
b) the body changed its speed by 6 ms in 1 second.
c) the body changed its speed by 1 ms during 6 seconds.
d) the body changed its speed by 12 ms in 2 seconds.

Summary

1. A motion in which there is a change in speed or in a speed and direction is called a non‑uniform motionnon‑uniform motionnon‑uniform motion.

2. If during the motion the speed of the body increases, we say that it is an accelerated motionaccelerated motionaccelerated motion, and if this speed decreases - it is a decelerated motiondecelerated motiondecelerated motion.

3. The physical quantity describing the change of the body speed in a unit of time is called accelerationaccelerationacceleration. We calculate it using the formula:

acceleration=speedchangetimeinterval
a=ΔvΔt

4. Acceleration of one meter per second squared (1 ms2) informs us that the speed of the body increased by one meter per second in every second of the motion.

5. Deceleration is accelerationaccelerationacceleration with a negative value. Appears when the body reduces the speed of its motion (brakes).

6. In non‑uniform motion, the instantaneous velocity differs from the average velocity.

Exercises

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Exercise 7
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: During 20 seconds, the motorcyclist increased his speed from 15 ms to 108 kmh. What was his acceleration? Select correct answers. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. 54ms2, 2. 34ms2, 3. 43ms2, 4. 0,75ms2
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Exercise 8

The truck accelerates from zero speed to 72 kmh in 12,5 s, then from 72 kmh to 100 kmh in the next 12,5 s. When is the acceleration the largest? Explain the answer.

Exercise 9

Give in English one example in which the body moves with:

a) high speed, but no acceleration,

b) high speed, but little acceleration.

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Exercise 10
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Match Polish terms with their English equivalents. ruch przyspieszony Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. accelerated motion, 2. velocity increase, 3. decelerated motion, 4. initial velocity, 5. final velocity ruch opóźniony Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. accelerated motion, 2. velocity increase, 3. decelerated motion, 4. initial velocity, 5. final velocity prędkość końcowa Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. accelerated motion, 2. velocity increase, 3. decelerated motion, 4. initial velocity, 5. final velocity prędkość początkowa Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. accelerated motion, 2. velocity increase, 3. decelerated motion, 4. initial velocity, 5. final velocity przyrost prędkości Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. accelerated motion, 2. velocity increase, 3. decelerated motion, 4. initial velocity, 5. final velocity
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

accelerated motion
accelerated motion

ruch przyspieszony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: accelerated motion
acceleration
acceleration

przyspieszenie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: acceleration
decelaration
decelaration

opóźnienie

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wymowa w języku angielskim: decelaration
decelerated motion
decelerated motion

ruch opóźniony

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wymowa w języku angielskim: decelerated motion
final velocity
final velocity

prędkość końcowa

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wymowa w języku angielskim: final velocity
initial velocity
initial velocity

prędkość początkowa

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wymowa w języku angielskim: initial velocity
non‑uniform motion
non‑uniform motion

ruch zmienny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: non‑uniform motion
velocity increase
velocity increase

przyrost prędkości

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wymowa w języku angielskim: velocity increase

Keywords

accelerationaccelerationacceleration

final velocityfinal velocityfinal velocity

initial velocityinitial velocityinitial velocity

velocity increasevelocity increasevelocity increase