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Nucleus and its components

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Jądro atomowe i jego składniki

You will learn
  • the basic structure of the nucleus,

  • to describe the composition of the atomic nucleus on the basis of mass and atomic numbers.

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nagranie abstraktu

Before you start, answer the questions.

  • What is matter made of?

  • What is the smallest indivisible particle of matter?

Structure of an atom
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nagranie abstraktu

An atom is a piece of matter that uniquely defines an element. Atoms have very complex structurestructurestructure.

Almost all of the mass of an atom is concentrated within a tiny and extremely dense nucleusnucleusnucleus which carries a positive electric charge. The value of this charge is known as the atomic numberatomic numbernumber of the element.

The empty space around the nucleus is occupied by electrons carrying negative electric charge of 1,6022 · 10Indeks górny -19 C. This charge is called an elementary charge. The mass of an electron is extremely small and is 9,109390 · 10Indeks górny -31 kg. Electrons behave as quantum particles and that means that its location at any moment cannot be determined. Instead of electrons location we speak of the probabilityprobabilityprobability of founding an electron in an atom space. The atom radiusatom radiusatom radius is a measure of the size of the atom and usually is the mean distance from the centre of nucleusnucleusnucleus to the boundary in which the electron can be found with 95% probability. Atomic radii are typically 30‑300 pm.

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W lewej części ilustracji interaktywnej pokazany jest symbolicznie atom w postaci kuli, w środku której znajduje się niewielki punkt oznaczony numerem 1. Wnętrze kuli oznaczone jest numerem 2, okrąg znajdujący się prawie na obwodzie kuli oznaczony jest numerem 3. Pod kulą zaznaczony jest rozmiar atomu 10 do potęgi minus 10 m. W prawej części ilustracji interaktywnej znajduje się powiększenie punktu znajdującego się w środku kuli, czyli jądra atomowego. Na powiększeniu zaznaczone są składowe jądra czyli protony (czerwone kulki) oraz neutrony (zielone kulki). Pod nim zaznaczony jest rozmiar 10 do potęgi minus 15 m. Na ilustracji widoczne są numery, a na nich podpisy. 1. nucleus {audio}, 2. electron cloud {audio}, 3. 95% probability of electron confinement {audio}.
Structure of an atom of helium
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Nucleus
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nagranie abstraktu

The nucleusnucleusnucleus is composed of two types of particles: protons and neutrons. Protons are positively charged and their charge is exactly the same as the value of the electron charge, but of opposite sign. In every electrically neutral atom the number of protons and electrons is equal.

Mass of proton is 1,6726 · 10Indeks górny -27 kg. Proton is 1837 times heavier than electron.

Neutron has no charge. Its mass is almost the same as that of proton: 1,674929 · 10Indeks górny -27 kg. Most nuclei contain roughly equal numbers of neutrons and protons.

Quarks
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nagranie abstraktu

quarkquarkquark is an elementary particle, that is the smallest indivisible particle of matter. Protons and neutrons are composed of quarks. There are six quarks and they are considered in terms of three pairs: up/down, charm/strange, and top/bottom. Protons are made of two up and one down quark. The neutron is made of two down and one up quark. The up quarks have a charge of +23 of the elementary charge, and the down quarks have a charge of -13 of the elementary charge.

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Diagram showing six quarks
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Structure of proton and neutron
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Dimensions of an atom and its constituents
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 1
List the parts of the atom
List the parts of the atom
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nagranie abstraktu
Atomic Number (Z)

The number of protons in the nucleusnucleusnucleus is called the atomic numberatomic numberatomic number and is denoted by the symbol Z. The Z protons within the nucleus correspond to the Z electrons in outer part of an atom.

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nagranie abstraktu
Mass Number (A)

The sum of the number of protons and the neutrons in the nucleusnucleusnucleus is called the mass numbermass numbermass number. It is represented by the symbol A.

A=Z+N

where:
Z - is the number of protons,
N - the number of neutrons.

If an element is denoted by X, then the following notation is in use:

XZA

If the mass numbermass numbermass number and atomic numberatomic numberatomic number of an element is known, it is very easy to calculate the number of neutrons in nuclei.

In some notation only mass number occurs.

XA
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Different notations of oxygen
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Different styles of the atomic structurestructurestructure notation for oxygen: (from left) the periodic table; mass numbermass numbermass number and atomic numberatomic numberatomic number are shown; only mass number is shown.

Isotopes
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nagranie abstraktu

Nuclides are atomic nuclei with a certain atomic number Z and the mass number A. Two nuclides with the same atomic numberatomic numberatomic number but different mass numbers are known as isotopes.

More than 300 nuclides are found naturally on Earth.

Some examples of isotopes.

  • The simplest element - hydrogen – has two heavy isotopes, called deuterium and tritium. They have own symbols: D (deuterium) and T (tritium).

  • Carbon occurs mainly as C12. IsotopeisotopeIsotope C13 is a little more than 1%. All other carbon isotopes are radioactive.

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Isotopes of hydrogen
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Task 2
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nagranie abstraktu

Answer the following questions.

1. What part of the atom has no charge?
2. What is the relation between the number of protons and electrons in an atom?
3. What are the constituents of proton and neutron?
4. What determines the mass numbermass numbermass number?

Exercise 1
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nagranie abstraktu

Do following steps and determine to which element the following atom belongs.

1. Draw five protons in the nucleusnucleusnucleus of the atom. Mark their charge with the appropriate symbol.
2. Draw six neutrons in the nucleus of the atom.
3. Draw two electrons in the first energy level. Mark their charge with the appropriate symbol.
4. Draw three electrons in the second energy level. Mark their charge with the appropriate symbol.
5. What element is represented by the diagram?

Remember
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nagranie abstraktu
  • A nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.

  • Protons and neutrons are made up of quarks.

  • Every nuclidenuclidenuclide is characterised by mass number and atomic numberatomic numberatomic number.

  • Two nuclides with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are known as isotopes.

Exercises

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Exercise 2
Determine which sentence is true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The number of electrons in orbit around the nucleus determines the atomic number of an atom., 2. Carbon’s atomic number is 6. C w indeksie górnym 14 has 8 neutrons., 3. Neutrons are negative with smaller mass while protons are positive and much heavier.
Exercise 3

Answer the question and write them to your notebook.

1. What does the atomic number represent?
2. What does the mass number represent?
3. How can be the number of neutrons in an atom figured out?

Exercise 4

Describe in English the structurestructurestructure of an atom.

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Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. jądro - nucleus, 2. struktura - structure, 3. składnik - constituent, 4. liczba atomowa - atomic number, 5. kwark - isotope, 6. nuklid - quark
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

nucleus
nucleus

jądro

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wymowa w języku angielskim: nucleus
structure
structure

struktura

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wymowa w języku angielskim: structure
constituent
constituent

składnik

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wymowa w języku angielskim: constituent
atomic number
atomic number

liczba atomowa

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wymowa w języku angielskim: atomic number
mass number
mass number

liczba masowa

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wymowa w języku angielskim: mass number
quark
quark

kwark

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wymowa w języku angielskim: quark
isotope
isotope

izotop

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wymowa w języku angielskim: isotope
atom radius
atom radius

promień atomu

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wymowa w języku angielskim: atom radius
probability
probability

prawdopodobieństwo

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wymowa w języku angielskim: probability
nuclide
nuclide

nuklid

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wymowa w języku angielskim: nuclide

Keywords

nucleusnucleusnucleus

structurestructurestructure

constituentconstituentconstituent

atomic numberatomic numberatomic number

mass numbermass numbermass number