Wróć do informacji o e-podręczniku Wydrukuj Pobierz materiał do PDF Pobierz materiał do EPUB Pobierz materiał do MOBI Zaloguj się, aby dodać do ulubionych Zaloguj się, aby skopiować i edytować materiał Zaloguj się, aby udostępnić materiał Zaloguj się, aby dodać całą stronę do teczki
R166ywcH6MOrc

Polish government-in-exile

Signing the Sikorski–Mayski Agreement. Władysław Sikorski on the left, Ivan Mayski on the right. Winston Churchill in the middle.
Source: 1941, Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC 0.

Link to the lesson

You will learn
  • to indicate why the Polish government was internedinternmentinterned in Romania;

  • to describe how the Polish government ended up in France and England;

  • to list the key decisions and events related to the Polish authorities in exile;

  • to characterize the significance of the Sikorski–Mayski agreementSikorski–Mayski AgreementSikorski–Mayski agreement;

  • to explain why the Polish government‑in‑exilegovernment‑in‑exilePolish government‑in‑exile lost the support of the Allied powers after the war.

R1HUNaDRE1skG
Nagranie abstraktu

On the night of 17 September 1939, the government and the commander‑in‑chief left Poland and headed for Romania. They wanted to reach France. However, as a result of pressure from various groups and authorities, the Third Reich in particular, they were internedinternmentinterned in Romania. President Ignacy Mościcki exercised his right and appointed a successor, Władysław Raczkiewicz. The new government, with Władysław Sikorski as the prime minister, based in Paris and then Angers, set as its primary goal to side with France and England in actively opposing Germany. They started forming Polish armed units, which were supposed to join the Allied forces and restore full sovereignty of Poland within its pre‑war borders. After France had been defeated, the mission continued in Great Britain.

The situation changed in the summer of 1941, when the Third Reich attacked the Soviet Union. Consequently, the Soviet Union joined the anti‑Hitler coalition and was on the same side as Poland. Under pressure from the British government, an agreement was reached and a relation was formed between Poland and the Soviet Union (Sikorski‑Mayski AgreementSikorski–Mayski AgreementSikorski‑Mayski Agreement of 30 July 1941). As per the Agreement, the two countries were supposed to fight the Germans together. The document also provided for amnestyamnestyamnesty for prisoners and establishment of Polish armed forced in the USSR. The latter was assigned to Władysław Anders to fulfill. A problem arose in 1943, when the Germans discovered the site of the Katyn massacreKatyn massacreKatyn massacre, perpetrated by the Soviet Union. Diplomatic relations were once again severed. This also resulted in a clash among the Polish emigration in exile, exacerbated by the death of Prime Minister Sikorski in a plane crash.

The conflicts and the change of the leader (the new prime minister was Stanisław Mikołajczyk) undermined the position of the Polish government. Additionally, the British showed decreasing interest in Polish affairs, which were soon entrusted to Stalin. The latter did not heed the unfavourably disposed Polish government‑in‑exile based in London, and made the Communists appoint the State National CouncilState National CouncilState National Council (1 January 1944), a self‑proclaimed parliament, and the Polish Committee of National LiberationPolish Committee of National LiberationPolish Committee of National Liberation, a puppet executive body, both of strictly under his control. Attempts made by the Polish government‑in‑exilegovernment‑in‑exilePolish government‑in‑exile to reach an agreement failed, and Mikołajczyk stepped down as prime minister. Ultimately, as a result of the decision made at the Yalta Conference of 1945, the coalition Provisional Government of National UnityProvisional Government of National UnityProvisional Government of National Unity was established on 2 June 1945, with Edward Osóbka‑Morawski as the prime minister. This government was considered by the Allied forces to be the legal representative of the Polish authorities, which marginalised the significance of the government‑in‑exile. The superpowers soon ceased to support the latter. Although their influence on the fate of their country subsided, the Polish government in London, as the only legal Polish authority, continued to operate until 1990, when it finally conferred its powers to President Lech Wałęsa.

1
Task 1

Learn more about the Polish administration during World War II and soon afterwards.

R1PC9Dvv6iNPD
Polish government-in-exile 17.9.1939 - 18.9.1939 The Polish government and the commander-in-chief leave the Second Polish Republic The photo shows Edward Śmigły-Rydz, who was appointed commander-in-chief by President Ignacy Mościcki, 25.9.1939 - 10.1939 Appointment of the emigration government The photo shows Władysław Raczkiewicz. After the September defeat, pursuant to Article 13 and 24 of the April Constitution of Poland from 1935, he was appointed as the successor of President Ignacy Mościcki, 10.1939 France, Great Britain and USA recognise the Polish government-in-exile Winston Churchill, accompanied by Władysław Sikorski, visits the Polish Armed Forces in the West, 12.1939 Appointment of the National Council The photo shows Ignacy Jan Paderewski, who was the head of the Council, 30.7.1941 Signing the Sikorski–Mayski Agreement , 4.1943 Discovering the mass graves of the Polish officers in Katyn , 25.4.1943 The USSR severs diplomatic relations with the Polish government-in-exile The photo shows Commander-in-Chief General Władysław Sikorski; his strife for explaining the Katyn massacre was the reason behind severing diplomatic relations with Poland, 24.11.1944 Resignation of Mikołajczyk’s government , 7.1945 Allied forces withdraw their support for the government-in-exile The photo shows Bolesław Bierut, who appointed the Provisional Government of National Unity. It gained recognition of the USA and the UK, which therefore withdrew their support for the Polish government in exile.
Source: Czesław Datka - Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, Harris & Ewing, photographer., domena publiczna.
Task 2

Please note that next to the signatories accepting the document, at the table is also sitting the British prime minister. Why did Churchill wanted establishement of Polish‑Soviet relations? Justify the answer.

R1XGWGsVZZKMx
Conclusion of the Sikorski-Majski agreement on July 30, 1941
Source: a. nn., domena publiczna.
R1LohmckQQwrx1
Exercise 1
Match the organisations with their descriptions. secret structures of the Polish state, existing during World War II in the territory occupied by the Third Reich and the USSR Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. National Council of Poland, 2. State National Council, 3. Polish Committee of National Liberation, 4. Provisional Government of National Unity, 5. Polish Underground State, 6. Government-in-exile a provisional, puppet executive body of the Republic of Poland, established and dominated by the Communists Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. National Council of Poland, 2. State National Council, 3. Polish Committee of National Liberation, 4. Provisional Government of National Unity, 5. Polish Underground State, 6. Government-in-exile A self-proclaimed parliament established on 1 January 1944 by the Polish Communists, calling itself ‘the actual political representation of the Polish nation’ Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. National Council of Poland, 2. State National Council, 3. Polish Committee of National Liberation, 4. Provisional Government of National Unity, 5. Polish Underground State, 6. Government-in-exile coalition government of Poland, appointed after the decisions made at the Yalta Conference, recognised by the countries belonging to the anti-Hitler coalition, which at the same time ceased to support the Polish government-in-exile Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. National Council of Poland, 2. State National Council, 3. Polish Committee of National Liberation, 4. Provisional Government of National Unity, 5. Polish Underground State, 6. Government-in-exile a constitutional, consulting and expert body of the Polish government and President in exile, active from 1939 to 1991 Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. National Council of Poland, 2. State National Council, 3. Polish Committee of National Liberation, 4. Provisional Government of National Unity, 5. Polish Underground State, 6. Government-in-exile Polish government in 1939–1990, which was the only legal, as per the Polish law, continuation of the Polish authorities after the outbreak of World War II Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. National Council of Poland, 2. State National Council, 3. Polish Committee of National Liberation, 4. Provisional Government of National Unity, 5. Polish Underground State, 6. Government-in-exile
Task 3
Find information on how Ryszard Kaczorowski ended his life.
Find information on how Ryszard Kaczorowski ended his life.
R1FbWBX3UClzX
In the picture, the last president of the government in exile - Ryszard Kaczorowski
Source: Mariusz Kubik, Wikimedia Commons, licencja: CC BY 4.0.

Keywords

government‑in‑exile, Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN), State National Council (KRN), Provisional Government of National Unity (TRJN)

Glossary

internment
internment
RSR2ayKXYajK0
Nagranie słówka: internment

Internowanie – przymusowe aresztowanie i osadzenie osób w miejscu odosobnienia bez możliwości jego opuszczania.

government‑in‑exile
government‑in‑exile
R5doqa5jPNnAX
Nagranie słówka: government‑in‑exile

Rząd na uchodźstwie – polski rząd w latach 1939‑1990 będący jedyną legalną, w świetle polskiego prawa, kontynuacją władz Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej po wybuchu II wojny światowej. Jego siedzibą był najpierw Paryż, następnie Angers, a od 1940 r. Londyn. Zakończył swoją działalność po wyborze Lecha Wałęsy na prezydenta Polski.

National Council of Poland
National Council of Poland
R5sBMoUcxdk1Y
Nagranie słówka: National Council of Poland

Rada Narodowa RP – istniejący w latach 1939‑1991 organ konstytucyjny i opiniodawczy rządu i prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie. Pierwszym przewodniczącym rady został Ignacy Paderewski.

Sikorski–Mayski Agreement
Sikorski–Mayski Agreement
RX9zk91MEoRnu
Nagranie słówka: Sikorski---Mayski Agreement

Układ Sikorski‑Majski – porozumienie z 30 lipca 1941 r. przywracające stosunki dyplomatyczne między Polską i ZSRS. Miał na celu rozpoczęcie współpracy i wspólną walkę w ramach koalicji antyhitlerowskiej.

amnesty
amnesty
R11yn4gRaD0AQ
Nagranie słówka: amnesty

Amnestia – zbiorowe darowanie lub złagodzenie kary za popełnione przestępstwa.

Katyn massacre
Katyn massacre
RgW8DXhlGz3yu
Nagranie słówka: Katyn massacre

Zbrodnia katyńska – zbrodnia popełniona przez policję polityczną Związku Sowieckiego na Polakach wiosną 1940 roku. Wzięci do niewoli Polacy (ponad 21 tys. ludzi) uznani za „wrogów władzy sowieckiej” zostali zamordowani strzałem w tył głowy. Przez 50 lat (1940‑1990) władze ZSRS zaprzeczały swojej odpowiedzialności za ten czyn.

Polish Underground State
Polish Underground State
R16Z1X668CDJa
Nagranie słówka: Polish Underground State

Polskie Państwo Podziemne – istniejące w czasie II wojny światowej tajne struktury państwa polskiego na terenach okupowanych przez III Rzeszę i ZSRS. Istniało od 27 września 1939 do 1 lipca 1945 roku.

Polish Committee of National Liberation
Polish Committee of National Liberation
R566TGv77TXtQ
Nagranie słówka: Polish Committee of National Liberation

PKWN – Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego; marionetkowy i tymczasowy organ władzy wykonawczej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej utworzony w lipcu 1944 r. utworzony i zdominowany przez komunistów. Działał pod ścisłą kontrolą Stalina.

State National Council
State National Council
RTPZMgg8v35mx
Nagranie słówka: State National Council

KRN – Krajowa Rada Narodowa – utworzony 1 stycznia 1944 r. przez polskich komunistów samozwańczy parlament, określający się jako „faktyczna reprezentacja polityczna narodu polskiego”. Miała być alternatywą dla Rządu RP na uchodźstwie. Na jego czele stanął Bolesław Bierut. Istniał do stycznia 1947 r.

Provisional Government of National Unity
Provisional Government of National Unity
Rl1CHfH8GxBeu
Nagranie słówka: Provisional Government of National Unity

TRJN – Tymczasowy Rząd Jedności Narodowej – koalicyjny rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polski powołany do życia 28 czerwca 1945 r. jako realizacja postanowień konferencji jałtańskiej. Na jego czele stanął Edward Osóbka‑Morawski. Istniał do 1947 r. Został uznany przez państwa koalicji antyhitlerowskiej, które tym samym odmówiły dalszego poparcia dla Rządu RP na uchodźstwie.