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Potential energy of gravity and elasticity

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Energia potencjalna grawitacji i sprężystości

Energia potencjalna grawitacji

Energia potencjalna sprężystości

You will learn
  • to derive the formula for potential energy of gravity and elasticity,

  • to use the acquired formulas in typical and problematic situations in English.

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nagranie abstraktu

Answer the introductory questions. They will allow you to better understand the concept of potential energy of gravity and elasticity.

Introductory questions:

  1. List the types of energy in nature.

  2. What does it mean that the body has energy?

  3. Can you change your body energy?

  4. Give an example of how the force of gravity works.

  5. Give an example of how the elastic force works.

  6. How do we calculate the work?

Conclusion
  • Changing the mutual position of bodies that interact with the forces of gravity or elasticity, leads to a change in their potential energy.

  • In the case of gravitational interaction, it is a change in distance from the whole Earth, and in the case of a spring effect - a change in shape.

Task 1
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nagranie abstraktu

Watch slideshow about potential energy and answer the following questions.

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Pokaz slajdów prezentuje zmiany energii potencjalnej oraz sposobów wykonywania pracy. Instrukcja obsługi z poziomu klawiatury: 1. Uruchomienie aplikacji - ENTER, 2. Na każdym ze slajdów czytany jest automatycznie tekst alternatywny po polsku, 3. Przy pierwszym uruchomieniu na pierwszym slajdzie, czytanie tekstu po angielsku - TAB, 4. Przejście między slajdami: do następnego slajdu - TAB, do poprzedniego slajdu - TAB + SHIFT, 5. Przejście do czytania napisu po angielsku - strzałka w górę + strzałka w dół (czyta tekst po angielsku widoczny na slajdzie).
Bricks
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu
  1. Is the work done on each brick the same or different? Justify your answer.

  2. As the work was done on the brick, its energy increased. Which form of mechanical energy has increased?

  3. How can you find out that a brick at a certain height has potential energy of gravity?

Potential energy
Definition: Potential energy
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The potential energy of gravity results from the interaction of the body with the Earth (e.g. the apple dropping under the influence of gravity, raised to a certain height above the Earth bucket).

Potential energy of elasticity results from elastic deformation of the body (e.g. compressed or stretched spring, stretched elastic in a sling).

Exercise 1
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We want to lift the body with mass m to the height h.

1. Derive the formula for the work which should be done.

2. The change in the energy of the potential system of bodies is equal to the work done over the body ΔPE=W.

The change in potential energy is the energy difference in the end position and the energy in the initial position ΔPE=PEfinalPEinitial. Assume that the initial energy at the beginning is zero. Using the above information, write a pattern for potential gravitational energy.

Compare your solution with the one presented below.

Potential energy of elasticity
Definition: Potential energy of elasticity
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nagranie abstraktu

The potential energy of elasticity is related to the elastic deformation of the body as a result of the acting force. The elastic deflection is one in which the deformed body spontaneously returns to its original state after the tensioning forces have ceased to function.

Task 2
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nagranie abstraktu

Think about what and how the potential energy of elasticity depends on.

Compare your solution with the one presented below.

Let's think about stretching the spring (an elastic body). We will assume that the extension of the spring is so small that when this force will stop acting, the spring will return to its original length (range of elasticity).

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

Acting with force F1, we extend the spring by x1. The force we operate with is not constant but increases when x1 increases. Mathematically it is expressed by the formula: F1=k·x1. The proportionality constant k depends on the type of spring used (elastic body). It is shown in the graph below.

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Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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The marked field below the line on the graph equals work done while stretching the spring:

W=12·F1·x1=12·k·x12

The potential energy of elasticity equals work done:

Es=12·k·x12

Exercises

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Exercise 2
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Decide which sentence is true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. In a hydraulic press the surface of the larger piston is 15 times larger than the surface of the smaller piston. The smaller piston moves downwards by 45 cm with the force of 100 N. A larger piston rises by 3 cm., 2. In a hydraulic press the surface of the larger piston is 15 times larger than the surface of the smaller piston. The smaller piston moves downwards by 45 cm with the force of 100 N. The work done in this case equals 675 J., 3. Janek flexed the bow and moved the string by 10 cm doing the work of 50 J. If Janek presses the bow again by moving the string by 20 cm, he will do the work of 100 J., 4. Janek lifted a 0,5 kg book from the table to a shelf placed on the height of 1 m above the table. If we assume that gravitational acceleration equals to g10ms2, the change in potential energy of the book equals 0,5 J.
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Exercise 3
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Decide which sentences are true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. A falling aerial acrobat, whose mass is 60 kg, is moving in a steady motion at a speed 50 ms. His potential energy is decreasing by 3000 J per second., 2. The force of 10 N should be used to stretch a spring by 4 cm. When the same spring is stretched by 8 cm it has a potential elastic energy of 0,8 J., 3. A tourist with a rucksack of the total mass of 90 kg has left the shelter in Morskie Oko lake in the Tatra Mountains (1406 m above sea level) for a trip to climb the highest peak in Poland - Rysy (2499 m). The tourist had planned that he would rest when his potential energy increases to 90 000 J. The rest will more or less take place at the altitude of about 1506 m above the sea level.
Exercise 4

Experiment.

Suggest a method to determine how potential energy of the body depends on its mass and the height at which it is located.

Which equipment will you need and what measurements will you make?

Write a short instruction about how to conduct such an experiment.

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Exercise 5
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. energia potencjalna grawitacyjna - gravitational potential energy, 2. energia potencjalna sprężystości - potential energy of elasticity, 3. zmiana wysokości - change in the height, 4. odkształcenie ciała - deformation of the body, 5. wykonanie pracy - change of energy, 6. spadanie ciał - doing work
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

change in the height
change in the height

zmiana wysokości

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wymowa w języku angielskim: change in the height
change of energy
change of energy

zmiana energii

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wymowa w języku angielskim: change of energy
deformation of the body
deformation of the body

odkształcenie ciała

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wymowa w języku angielskim: deformation of the body
doing work
doing work

wykonanie pracy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: doing work
potential energy of elasticity
potential energy of elasticity

energia potencjalna sprężystości

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wymowa w języku angielskim: potential energy of elasticity
falling of bodies
falling of bodies

spadanie ciał

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wymowa w języku angielskim: falling of bodies
gravitational potential energy
gravitational potential energy

energia potencjalna grawitacyjna

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wymowa w języku angielskim: gravitational potential energy

Keywords

change in the heightchange in the heightchange in the height

deformation of the bodydeformation of the bodydeformation of the body

doing workdoing workdoing work

potential energy of elasticitypotential energy of elasticitypotential energy of elasticity

gravitational potential energygravitational potential energygravitational potential energy