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Our planet seems tiny when you look up at the mysterious sky and consider the myriads of other stars and planets out there. This may be why humans have always been interested in exploring outer space. Here is the text about the first attempts to explore space and what the future of space exploration might bring.
Nasza planeta wydaje się malutka, kiedy spoglądamy w tajemnicze niebo i uzmysławiamy sobie, że znajdują się tam miriady gwiazd i planet. Być może dlatego ludzie od zawsze interesowali się eksploracją kosmosu. Oto tekst o pierwszych takich próbach i o tym, co może przynieść przyszłość eksploracji kosmosu.
Study the text about the history and the possible future of space travel and do the exercises below.
Making Our Way to the StarsFor centuries, humans have been captivated by the mysteries of the cosmosmysteries of the cosmos. For more than six decades, not only have we been looking at the sky but also venturing into spaceventuring into space.
The first man‑made object to leave the Earth was Sputnik. This artificial satelliteartificial satellite was sent in space in 1957. The satellite, made by the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.), wasn’t able to do much more than generate beeps that could be detected on Earth. It was soon followed by other space missionsspace missions. Space exploration began during the Cold War, which was the time of political tension between the Soviet Union and the United States. The two superpowers had been competing to develop intercontinental ballistic missilesintercontinental ballistic missiles which could carry nuclear weaponscarry nuclear weapons between continents. Their efforts to launch scientific missionslaunch scientific missions were also a part of propaganda called the Space RaceSpace Race – it was important to show that one country had more expertise and resources to defeat the other.
Although the motives weren’t entirely related to the progress of science, the Space Race led to a number of successful space missions. In 1958, the United States launched a satellitelaunched a satellite called Explorer 1. That satellite was designed with the help of Nazi German rocket engineers who moved to work for the United States after the Second World War. Explorer 1 carried several instruments for conducting science experimentsconducting science experiments in space and delivered the first scientific datadelivered the first scientific data on the conditions outside the Earth’s atmosphereconditions outside the Earth’s atmosphere. However, the main efforts of the Space Race were related to manned flightsmanned flights, and the US was determined to deliver an astronaut to the Moondeliver an astronaut to the Moon. Before the plan was accomplished, and Neil Armstrong became the first man to set foot onset foot on the Moon’s surface in 1969, a few other manned flights left our planet: the Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin made one orbit around Earthmade one orbit around Earth, Valentina Tereshkova was the first woman in space, and Alexei Leonov went on the first spacewalk.
Since the US lunar programmelunar programme ended in the 1970s, human space explorationhuman space exploration has been limited to low‑Earth orbitlow‑Earth orbit. Numerous nations participate, conducting research on the International Space StationInternational Space Station, which orbits the Earthorbits the Earth. Also, unpiloted probesunpiloted probes have travelled throughout our solar systemsolar system, reaching other planets and delivering important data on the possible existence of life there.
Are humans going to travel to space more regularly in the future? Space tourism is still in its infancyin its infancy. It is either impossible, or too expensive for an average person to take a space trip.
However, from the beginning, commercial companies have been involved in the aerospace industryaerospace industry in the United States, and NASA, the country’s government space agencygovernment space agency, maintains its partnership with private companies. For example, NASA is relying on SpaceX to build spacecraftbuild spacecraft capable of carrying humans into orbitcarrying humans into orbit. SpaceX, which is the name of a new kind of reusable rocketreusable rocket, has been running regular resupply missionsresupply missions to the International Space Station. Several companies are focusing on suborbital space tourismspace tourism and conducting experimental flights using their suborbital spaceplanessuborbital spaceplanes. These ventures aim to provide affluent individuals with a few minutes of weightlessnessa few minutes of weightlessness during a journey through the Earth’s atmospherejourney through the Earth’s atmosphere. Two successful flights with commercial passengers were already launched in 2021. With these and other spacecraft planned, your dreams of zero‑gravity adventurezero‑gravity adventure could soon become a reality. That is to say, if you are able to pay the extremely high price for the experience!
Źródło: Marcin Legeżyński, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
If you were offered a free ticket for one of the first suborbital flights, would you accept it? Why? / Why not? Explain your decision in 4‑5 sentences.
Słownik
/ ə fjuː ˈmɪnɪts əv ˈweɪtləsnəs /
kilka minut nieważkości (short time you spend in zero gravity conditions)
/ ˈeərəʊspeɪs ˈɪndəstri /
przemysł lotniczy (companies that deal with aerospace)
/ ˌɑ:tɪˌfɪʃl ˈsætəlaɪt /
sztuczny satelita (the man‑made object that travels continuously around the Earth at a great height)
/ ˈbɪld ˈspeɪskrɑːft /
zbudować statek kosmiczny (to construct and manufacture a vehicle that can go into space)
/ ˈkæri ˈnjuːklɪə ˈwepənz /
przenosić broń jądrową (to move atomic weapons from one place to another)
/ ˈkærɪɪŋ ˈhjuːmənz ˈɪntə ˈɔːbɪt / / ˈkæri ˈhjuːmənz ˈɪntə ˈɔːbɪt /
zabieranie ludzi na orbitę [zabrać ludzi na orbitę] (to take humans to the height of over approximately 500 km above the surface of the Earth)
/ kənˈdɪʃn̩z ˌaʊtˈsaɪd ði ˈɜːthetas ˈætməsfɪə /
warunki poza atmosferą ziemską (temperature, pressure and other parametres at the altitude of over approximately 12 km from the Earth’s surface)
/ kənˈdʌktɪŋ ˈsaɪəns ɪkˈsperɪmənts / / kənˈdʌkt ˈsaɪəns ɪkˈsperɪmənts /
przeprowadzanie doświadczeń naukowych [przeprowadzać doświadczenia naukowe] (investigation into, and study of scientific matters in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions)
/ dɪˈlɪvər ən ˈæstrənɔːt tu ðə muːn /
dostarczyć astronautę/astronautkę na Księżyc (to move a human trained to perform activities in space to the Moon)
/ dɪˈlɪvəd ðə ˈfɜ:st ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˈdeɪtə / / dɪˈlɪvə ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˈdeɪtə /
dostarczył pierwszych danych naukowych [dostarczać danych naukowych] (to pass on facts and measurements important for scientists)
/ ˈɡʌvənmənt speɪs ˈeɪdʒənsi /
rządowa agencja kosmiczna (a government institution dealing with matters related to space)
/ ˈhjuːmən speɪs ˌekspləˈreɪʃn̩ /
badanie kosmosu przez ludzi (activities undertaken by humans to learn more about space)
/ ɪn ɪts ˈɪnfənsi /
w powijakach (at its beginning)
/ ˌɪntəˌkɒntɪˈnentl̩ bəˈlɪstɪk ˈmɪsaɪlz / / ˌɪntəˌkɒntɪˈnentl̩ bəˈlɪstɪk ˈmɪsaɪl /
międzykontynentalne pociski balistyczne [międzykontynentalny pocisk balistyczny] (warfare that leaves the Earth’s atmosphere while travelling to its destination, used to target objects over 5000 km away)
/ ˌɪntəˈnæʃn̩əl speɪs ˈsteɪʃn̩ /
Międzynarodowa Stacja Kosmiczna (a permanent human settlement in space used to perform scientific experiments)
/ ˈdʒɜːni thetaruː ði ˈɜːthetas ˈætməsfɪə /
podróż przez atmosferę ziemską (a travel through the layer surrounding the Earth at the height of approximately 0‑12 km over the surface)
/ lɔːntʃ ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˈmɪʃn̩z / / lɔːntʃ ə ˌsaɪənˈtɪfɪk ˈmɪʃn̩ /
zapoczątkować misje naukowe [zapoczątkować misję naukową] (to start a scientific research programme)
/ lɔːntʃt ə ˈsætəlaɪt / / lɔːntʃ ə ˈsætəlaɪt /
wystrzeliły satelitę [wystrzelić satelitę] (to deliver a satellite into the orbit)
/ ləʊ ˈɜ:theta ˈɔːbɪt /
niska orbita okołoziemska (the region up to 2000 km from the Earth’s surface, where most artificial objects are placed)
/ ˈluːnə ˈprəʊɡræm /
program księżycowy (scientific programme designed to explore the Moon)
/ ˈmeɪd wʌn ˈɔːbɪt əˈraʊnd ɜːtheta / / ˈmeɪk wʌn ˈɔːbɪt əˈraʊnd ɜːtheta /
okrążył jeden raz Ziemię po orbicie [okrążyć jeden raz Ziemię po orbicie] (to travel around the Earth on its orbit once)
/ mænd flaɪts / / mænd flaɪt /
loty załogowe [lot załogowy] (a flights of spacecraft with humans onboard)
/ ˈmɪstərɪz əv ðə ˈkɒzmɒs / / ˈmɪstəri əv ðə ˈkɒzmɒs /
tajemnice kosmosu [tajemnica kosmosu] (things we don’t know about outer space yet)
/ ˈɔːbɪts ði ɜːtheta / / ˈɔːbɪt ði ɜːtheta /
okrąża Ziemię po orbicie [okrążać Ziemię po orbicie] (to travel around the Earth on its orbit)
/ resupplei ˈmɪʃn̩z / / resupplei ˈmɪʃn̩ /
misje uzupełnienia zapasów [misja uzupełnienia zapasów] (activities related to providing new supplies of fuel, food, water, etc.)
/ ˌriːˈjuːzəbl̩ ˈrɒkɪt /
rakieta ponownego wykorzystania (a rocket that can be used more than once)
/ set ˈfʊt ɒn /
postawić stopę na (to stand on)
/ ˌsəʊlə ˈsɪstəm /
Układ Słoneczny (the group of eight planets and their moons in orbit around the Sun)
/ speɪs ˈmɪʃn̩z / / speɪs ˈmɪʃn̩ /
misje kosmiczne [misja kosmiczna] (a programme related to travelling into space)
/ speɪs reɪs /
wyścig kosmiczny (the 20th‑century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union and the United States, to achieve superior spaceflight)
/ speɪs ˈtʊərɪzəm /
turystyka kosmiczna (travelling into space for leisure)
/ ˌsʌbˈɔːbɪtl̩ 'speɪspleɪnz / / ˌsʌbˈɔːbɪtl̩ 'speɪspleɪn /
statki suborbitalne [statek suborbitalny] (a vehicles capable of reaching the altitude of approximately 80‑100 km over the Earth’s surface)
/ ˌʌnˈpaɪlətɪd prəʊbz / / ˌʌnˈpaɪlətɪd prəʊb /
sondy bezzałogowe [sonda bezzałogowa] (an unmanned artificial satellites that travels through space to collect scientific data)
/ ˈventʃərɪŋ ˈɪntə speɪs / / ˈventʃər ˈɪntə speɪs /
wyprawiamy się w kosmos [wyprawiać się w kosmos] (to set off to reach space)
/ ˈzɪərəʊˌɡrævɪtɪ ədˈventʃə /
przygoda z brakiem grawitacji (an adventure in an area with no gravitational force)
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY‑SA 3.0