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Soils in Poland

Source: licencja: CC 0, [online], dostępny w internecie: pixabay.com.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • what the soil is;

  • what the soil‑forming process is and how it goes through;

  • what the differences between soil, vegetation and climate zones are.

You will learn
  • you will name soil‑forming factors;

  • discuss the soil profiles of basic soils in Poland;

  • indicate the differences between basic soil profiles;

  • show the occurrence of soils in Poland on the map;

  • determine the basic features of soils in Poland;

  • classify soils in terms of fertility;

  • assess the agricultural usefulness of soils in Poland.

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nagranie abstraktu

The fact that in a given area there is a certain type of soilsoilsoil is determined by not only climate and vegetation. An important role in the soil‑forming processsoil‑forming processsoil‑forming process play the following factors: parent rock, water, animals and other organisms, relief and human activities.
Soils are used by man for growing plants. Therefore, an important issue is their good quality so that the yields were high. The quality of soil is affected by humus content – the higher the better. In this respect, the best soil is chernozem. Other really good soils are fen soil and black earth, as well as some brown soils and limestone soils. Whereas the least content of humus is found in mountain soil, podzol and luvisol.

Task 1
Wymień warstwy gleby bielicowej i czarnoziemu.
Wymień warstwy gleby bielicowej i czarnoziemu.
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Exercise 1
Omów profil gleby brunatnej.
Podzolic soil profile
Source: tylko do użytku edukacyjnego na epodreczniki.pl.
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Exercise 2
Set the chernozem layers in the correct order. Elementy do uszeregowania: 1. bedrock (loess), 2. transition to the bedrock, 3. humus
Interesting

It takes 200 to 500 years to produce a 1 cm layer of soil. The time that is needed to produce soil suitable for cultivation in natural conditions and without the human activity is several thousand years.

Nearly 80% of Poland's area is covered by brown soils, podzols and luvisols. They occur commonly in lowland areas and lakelands. There is less of them in the highlands and in the mountains (especially podzols). In terms of agricultural suitability, the most valuable of them are brown soils.

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Structure of Polish soils
Source: tylko do użytku edukacyjnego na epodreczniki.pl.

There is little soil of the highest quality in our country – chernozem occupies only about 1% of the area. It can be found on the Lublin Upland, Lesser Poland Upland and on the Głubczyce Plateau (Opole Province).
Black earth is characterized by little lower quality but has only about 1% share in the country as well. It occurs mainly in the Kuyavy region, in the Greater Poland Lowland, the Szczecin Lowland and the Silesian Lowland.
A larger percentage (about 5%) falls on fen soil. On a large surface it has formed in the Vistula delta, thanks to which Żuławy Wiślane is one of the most fertile areas in Poland.
Bog soil occupies about 7% of the country's area and outside river valleys it occurs mainly in Podlasie, Polesie and lakelands. This type of soil is quite good, but due to high moistness it is primarily used as meadows and pastures.
Due to the deep profile, limestone soil also is of good quality. Limestone soil has formed on carbonate rocks of the Lesser Poland Upland and the Lublin Upland. They represent a total of approximately 1% of the country's area.
However, for the typical, mountainous initial soil, the percentage is around 6%. You can find it on the slopes of the Carpathians and the Sudetes. It is not very fertile and generally overgrown with grass, which is why animals are most often grazed there.
The last group forms anthropogenic soil, that is soil transformed by man's activity. It occurs in urban areas (the so‑called urbisol), suburban areas (e.g. garden soil – hortisol), and industrialized areas (technosol). Larger complexes can be found in the Upper Silesian Industrial District and other large cities (in Warszawa, Trójmiasto, Łódź, Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, and Szczecin) and in the area of opencast brown coal mines (Bełchatów, Konin, Turoszów).

Task 2

The following graphic shows selected soil types. Read the information.

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Ilustracja przedstawia mapę Polski. Na mapie zaznaczono typy gleb. Centralną część Polski zajmują gleby bielicowe i gleby płowe. Na północy przeważają gleby brunatne właściwe i kwaśne. Wzdłuż rzek występują mady i gleby bagienne. Zaznaczono miasta wojewódzkie. Opisano rzeki np Odra, Warta, Wisła. Wydzielono pięć rodzajów gleb strefowych: bielicowe, płowe, brunatne właściwe, brunatne kwaśne i czarnoziemy oraz sześć rodzajów gleb astrefowych: czarne ziemie, mady, gleby bagienne, rendziny, inicjalne gleby górskie i gleby antropogeniczne. Gleby astrefowe rozmieszczone są nierównomiernie, gleby antropogeniczne występują wokół miast. Przegląd profili gleb 1. Chernozem, Chernozem occupies only about 1% of the area. It can be found on the Lublin Upland, Lesser Poland Upland and on the Głubczyce Plateau (Opole Province). 2. River fen soil. Soils resulting from the accumulation of material carried by water. 3. Rendzina. They occupy less than 2% of the arable land in Poland. 4. Podzolic. Poor soils produced on sands, containing a distinct whitewashed level of leaching in the profile. 5. zone soils podzolic soils, sandy soils, brown soils, acidic brown soils, chernozem. 6. astrephic soils black lands, alluvial soil, marshy soil, rendzina, initial mountain soils, anthropogenic soils.
Soils in Poland
Source: licencja: CC 0.
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Exercise 3
Scharakteryzuj następujące gleby: Anthropogenic soils, Chernozems, Black soils, Fen soils, Rendzinas
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Keywords

soil, soil profile, soil‑forming process

Glossary

soil
soil
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Nagranie słówka: soil

gleba - powierzchniowa, biologicznie czynna warstwa skorupy ziemskiej składająca się z cząstek mineralnych i organicznych oraz z powietrza i wilgoci

soil fertility
soil fertility
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Nagranie słówka: soil fertility

żyzność gleby - naturalna zdolność gleby do dostarczania roślinom składników pokarmowych oraz wody i powietrza

soil‑forming process
soil‑forming process
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Nagranie słówka: soil‑forming process

proces formowania gleby - ogół wzajemnych powiązań i oddziaływań czynników glebotwórczych (skały macierzystej, wody, klimatu, organizmów żywych, rzeźby terenu, działalności człowieka) prowadzący do powstania gleby