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Exercise 1

Read the text below and then, group the foods and drinks popular with lords and commoners.

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What did the people of the Middle Ages eat? It definitely cannot be called a good, balanced diet. Raw vegetables and fresh fruit were viewed with suspicion by the rich, so they could not be found on their tables next to fancy food like swans or peacocks. However, they were typical ingredients of pottage or other forms of stew, which were the staple food for most people. As exotic spices like saffron were very expensive, the lower classes flavoured their food with herbs, for example sage or mint. As for drinks, water in urban centers was often contaminated, so people would drink ale, beer, or red wine mixed with herbs and infused with spices, which was incredibly popular with the upper classes. Fish was expensive, but freshwater kinds like pike were sometimes served at banquets and enjoyed as a delicacy. Meat was eaten in abundance, mainly game from hunting, but a lot of people ate pork, as pigs were cheap to keep then. Generally speaking, the medieval diet was either extravagant and fatty, or based on plant food and brown bread.
LORDS Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. fresh fruit, 2. saffron, 3. pork, 4. ale, 5. swans, 6. pike, 7. beer, 8. raw vegetables, 9. red wine, 10. sage, 11. peacocks, 12. mint, 13. pottage, 14. stew, 15. game, 16. brown bread COMMONERS Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. fresh fruit, 2. saffron, 3. pork, 4. ale, 5. swans, 6. pike, 7. beer, 8. raw vegetables, 9. red wine, 10. sage, 11. peacocks, 12. mint, 13. pottage, 14. stew, 15. game, 16. brown bread

Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Exercise 1

Highlight all the words connected to the food eaten by the lords in green.
Highlight all the words connected to the food eaten by the commoners in red. What did the people of the Middle Ages eat? It definitely cannot be called a good, balanced diet. Raw vegetables and fresh fruit were viewed with suspicion by the rich, so they could not be found on their tables next to fancy food like swans or peacocks. However, they were typical ingredients of pottage or other forms of stew, which were the staple food for most people. As exotic spices like saffron were very expensive, the lower classes flavoured their food with herbs, for example using sage or mint. As for drinks, water in urban centres was often contaminated so people would drink ale, beer or red wine mixed with herbs and infused with spices, which was incredibly popular with the upper classes. Fish was expensive but freshwater kinds like pike were sometimes served at banquets and enjoyed as a delicacy. Meat was eaten in abundance, mainly game from hunting, but a lot of people ate pork, as pigs were cheap to keep then. Generally speaking, the medieval diet was either extravagant and fatty or based on plant food and brown bread.

Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Exercise 2

Read the sentences below and choose the correct answer.

He smiled notablyslylyfreely, knowing it was his moment to steal the spotlight.
We went to the river and came back with fresh codherringperch for dinner.
During the feasts, gentrycommonersgluttony enjoyed food and spices imported from overseas.
I think you could add some troutclovesgruel to the drink, it will improve its taste and flavour.
The banquets were usually held at grand royaltyfeastsmanors of the lords.
It was vitallyprominentlycommonly important for me to recreate this dish step by step from a medieval recipe.
Dried fruit like macedateslarks were imported from the Middle East.

Read the sentences below and choose the correct answer.

He smiled notablyslylyfreely, knowing it was his moment to steal the spotlight.
We went to the river and came back with fresh codherringperch for dinner.
During the feasts, gentrycommonersgluttony enjoyed food and spices imported from overseas.
I think you could add some troutclovesgruel to the drink, it will improve its taste and flavour.
The banquets were usually held at grand royaltyfeastsmanors of the lords.
It was vitallyprominentlycommonly important for me to recreate this dish step by step from a medieval recipe.
Dried fruit like macedateslarks were imported from the Middle East.

Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Exercise 3

Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Exercise 4

Match the phrases below to make logical sentences.

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Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

If something is indispensable it means that it is… and you cannot… E.g.: Your help at… is…
Staple food is the most… ,… products eaten. E.g.:… and… are the staple foods in his…
If something is off‑limits it is… and you are not… E.g.:… in this… is…
Fasting means not… for some period of time due to... or… E.g.:… has become very popular among… lately.

If something is indispensable it means that it is absolutely necessary and you cannot manage without it. E.g.: Your help at the Christmas fair is indispensable, nobody else can make such beautiful decorations!
Staple food is the most basic food, the main products eaten. E.g.: Bread and vegetables are the staple foods in his diet.
If something is off‑limits, it is forbidden and you are not allowed to do it. E.g.: Smoking in this area is off‑limits.
Fasting means not eating food for some period of time due to religious belief or dietary recommendations. E.g.: Intermittent fasting has become very popular among celebrities lately.

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Exercise 5

In each point, type in the missing word, which correctly fills in the gaps in all three sentences. The form of the word is the same in each of the three sentences.

Tu uzupełnij The committee continued to… control over our expenses. It’s necessary to… daily if you want to be fit. Always… caution when dealing with hazardous substances.
Tu uzupełnij I could have… you for his brother. Nothing should be… for granted. First, my temperature and blood pressure were…
Tu uzupełnij She… giving more power to people. There are strong… of reinstating capital punishment in this country. … are often asked questions about complex legal matters.
Tu uzupełnij I can easily… my email remotely. The… code for that file is 5.12.08. Do you have… to the internet there?
Tu uzupełnij Once you set… on land, you will feel better. The line was one… and two inches long. His parents offered to… the bill for the supper.

In each point, type in the missing word, which correctly fills in the gaps in all three sentences. The form of the word is the same in each of the three sentences.

Tu uzupełnij The committee continued to… control over our expenses. It’s necessary to… daily if you want to be fit. Always… caution when dealing with hazardous substances.
Tu uzupełnij I could have… you for his brother. Nothing should be… for granted. First, my temperature and blood pressure were…
Tu uzupełnij She… giving more power to people. There are strong… of reinstating capital punishment in this country. … are often asked questions about complex legal matters.
Tu uzupełnij I can easily… my email remotely. The… code for that file is 5.12.08. Do you have… to the internet there?
Tu uzupełnij Once you set… on land, you will feel better. The line was one… and two inches long. His parents offered to… the bill for the supper.

Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Exercise 6

Read the questions in the points below and choose the correct answers. There may be more than one correct answer in each point. 1. Which words/expressions carry the meaning of big quantities?
a) off-limits
b) in abundance
c) gluttony
d) sumptuous
2. Which words are names of fish?
a) perch
b) crane
c) cod
d) bream
3. Which words are kinds of soups?
a) stew
b) porridge
c) pottage
d) gruel
4. Which words refer to people of upper class?
a) manor
b) gentry
c) notably
d) well-to-do
5. Which words are NOT spices?
a) mustard
b) leek
c) nutmeg
d) cloves
6. Which adverbs can be used in a similar context?
a) considerably
b) notably
c) extremely
d) prominently
7. Which words have something to do with eating less?
a) belching
b) Lent
c) devouring
d) fasting
8. Which words have something to do with eating too much?
a) gluttony
b) staple
c) royalty
d) overindulgence
9. Which words/expressions carry a negative meaning?
a) flick through
b) off-limits
c) frown upon
d) indispensable
10. Which words are connected to eating?
a) circumvent
b) savour
c) flavour
d) devour

Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Exercise 7

Transform the sentences using the words in bold and keeping the original meaning. 1. People accept certain facts about the Middle Ages without questioning and assume they are correct. TAKEN Certain facts about the Middle Ages Tu uzupełnij. 2. During the Middle Ages, the church was in control of dietary habits of people. EXERCISED During the Middle Ages, the church Tu uzupełnij dietary habits of people. 3. We have forgotten a lot of old recipes and do not use them any more. OBSCURITY A lot of old recipes Tu uzupełnij. 4. Medieval lords had generous amounts of food for themselves, unlike peasants. ABUNDANCE There was Tu uzupełnij for medieval lords, unlike peasants. 5. I just wanted to look quickly at some recipes in the cookbook. FLIP I just wanted to Tu uzupełnij some recipes in the cookbook. 6. We have never accepted this kind of behaviour in our house. FROWNED This kind of behaviour Tu uzupełnij in our house. 7. What kind of products do you usually eat for breakfast? STAPLE What is Tu uzupełnij?

Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Exercise 8

Some people recommend following a diet based on medieval food. Write an essay (200–250 words) in which you present advantages and disadvantages of such a diet.

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Niektórzy zalecają stosowanie diety opartej na średniowiecznym jedzeniu. Napisz esej (200–250 wyrazów), w którym przedstawisz zalety i wady takiej diety.

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(Uzupełnij).

Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Among many trendy diets that we have heard about in recent years, a medieval diet…

Because of that, most people consider it to be…, however others argue that it…

The most important advantage of such a diet is ...

Additionally ...

However, one of the most serious disadvantages of this diet is that…

Another argument against this diet is the fact that…, so…

Summing up, the medieval diet may…, nevertheless it cannot be denied that…

Among many trendy diets that we have heard about in recent years, a medieval diet stands out as quite the antithesis of today’s health fads. It celebrates wheat and emphasises meat, but does not advocate eating too many vegetables. Because of that, most people consider it to be quite an unhealthy one, however, others argue that it keeps you full and well.

The most important advantage of such a diet is the fact that since it precludes sugar, many of the worst modern vices are eliminated. Additionally, even though it uses various spices like ginger, saffron, or nutmeg, it does not include anything too spicy, so it is easy on the stomach.

However, one of the most serious disadvantages of this diet is that the selection of vegetables is relatively small: you can eat cabbage, leeks, beets, or carrots, but no corn, potatoes, or tomatoes, as they were not grown in medieval Europe yet. Another argument against this diet is the fact that some spices, tremendously popular back then, have fallen into obscurity now, so they are extremely difficult to obtain, for example, grains of paradise or galangal.

Summing up, the medieval diet may stir up some controversies, as it is mainly based on eating meat, bread, and lots of spices. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that it suited people’s stomachs back then, and still does today. As extravagant and odd as it may seem, I believe that the diet is worth giving a try.

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