Recall the disputes between Józef Piłsudski and Roman Dmowski pertaining to Poland and her future. Match the views with the politicians that expressed them. Józef Piłsudski Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Poland’s main enemy is Germany., 2. It is better to fight for the Polish cause through diplomacy., 3. The voters should vote for the National Democrats., 4. Poland should be inhabited mainly by Poles., 5. The Polish cause should be, above all, fought for with armed force., 6. The Poles should find common ground with the nations from the Polish-Russian borderlands., 7. Poland’s main enemy is Russia., 8. The Polish Socialist Party is a good option for the voters. Roman Dmowski Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. Poland’s main enemy is Germany., 2. It is better to fight for the Polish cause through diplomacy., 3. The voters should vote for the National Democrats., 4. Poland should be inhabited mainly by Poles., 5. The Polish cause should be, above all, fought for with armed force., 6. The Poles should find common ground with the nations from the Polish-Russian borderlands., 7. Poland’s main enemy is Russia., 8. The Polish Socialist Party is a good option for the voters.

Match the presented regulations introduced by the March Constitution with their effects. The President was elected not by the general population, but by the Sejm and the Senate. He wielded little authority; his principal role was to represent the state in international affairs. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The rights of the citizens were oftentimes used to criticize the authorities (e.g.) in the press, undermining the state’s authority., 2. With a fragmented Sejm, the government did not have an easy time maintaining support (since every now and then a party would withdraw it, making the government lose majority support). Governments would change very often and could not implement coherent, long-term plans., 3. The Sejm elections did not have any mechanics that would prevent the entry of large numbers of parties. As a result, the Sejm was fragmented, and there were parties who had less than ten Members of the Parliament. In this situation, it was hard for it to make decisions, as there were many differing views over every single matter., 4. The Presidential office was not very powerful. Józef Piłsudski refused to take part in the elections, as he wished to be able to influence the state’s affairs. Nobody else enjoyed as much authority as him, which further weakened the office. The Prime Minister was appointed by the Sejm, in agreement with the President. The government was responsible before the Sejm. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The rights of the citizens were oftentimes used to criticize the authorities (e.g.) in the press, undermining the state’s authority., 2. With a fragmented Sejm, the government did not have an easy time maintaining support (since every now and then a party would withdraw it, making the government lose majority support). Governments would change very often and could not implement coherent, long-term plans., 3. The Sejm elections did not have any mechanics that would prevent the entry of large numbers of parties. As a result, the Sejm was fragmented, and there were parties who had less than ten Members of the Parliament. In this situation, it was hard for it to make decisions, as there were many differing views over every single matter., 4. The Presidential office was not very powerful. Józef Piłsudski refused to take part in the elections, as he wished to be able to influence the state’s affairs. Nobody else enjoyed as much authority as him, which further weakened the office. The citizens enjoyed many rights and liberties (e.g. the freedom of speech, print, gatherings, religion, etc.). Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The rights of the citizens were oftentimes used to criticize the authorities (e.g.) in the press, undermining the state’s authority., 2. With a fragmented Sejm, the government did not have an easy time maintaining support (since every now and then a party would withdraw it, making the government lose majority support). Governments would change very often and could not implement coherent, long-term plans., 3. The Sejm elections did not have any mechanics that would prevent the entry of large numbers of parties. As a result, the Sejm was fragmented, and there were parties who had less than ten Members of the Parliament. In this situation, it was hard for it to make decisions, as there were many differing views over every single matter., 4. The Presidential office was not very powerful. Józef Piłsudski refused to take part in the elections, as he wished to be able to influence the state’s affairs. Nobody else enjoyed as much authority as him, which further weakened the office. General election law was introduced. The Sejm and the Senate would be appointed in general elections (every citizen could vote); the elections were also equal (meaning that every vote had equal value), direct (one had to vote personally), and anonymous. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The rights of the citizens were oftentimes used to criticize the authorities (e.g.) in the press, undermining the state’s authority., 2. With a fragmented Sejm, the government did not have an easy time maintaining support (since every now and then a party would withdraw it, making the government lose majority support). Governments would change very often and could not implement coherent, long-term plans., 3. The Sejm elections did not have any mechanics that would prevent the entry of large numbers of parties. As a result, the Sejm was fragmented, and there were parties who had less than ten Members of the Parliament. In this situation, it was hard for it to make decisions, as there were many differing views over every single matter., 4. The Presidential office was not very powerful. Józef Piłsudski refused to take part in the elections, as he wished to be able to influence the state’s affairs. Nobody else enjoyed as much authority as him, which further weakened the office.

Przypomnij sobie tytuł abstraktu, wysłuchaj nagrania i spróbuj zaproponować własny temat dla dzisiejszej lekcji.

Read the various opinions on the changes introduced after the May Coup d’État presented below. Assess their character. Match the opinions with the ways they were intended by the speakers. Criticism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. It is abhorrent to treat political opponents in such a way., 2. Now, if they took better care of the peasants as well..., 3. The new constitution gave the President more power. It was him, for example, who appointed the government., 4. Finally, the quarrels in the Sejm have been curtailed., 5. This country is unlivable! It’s a prison! I’m leaving and coming back only when there are different people in power!, 6. Many well-known politicians decided to emigrate to different countries, such as Switzerland., 7. It is a good thing that the schools put so much emphasis on raising the children to serve the state. Owing to this, the young generation will be a generation of patriots. And, perhaps, will not repeat the errors of their elders., 8. Do we really need to sway from one extreme to another?, 9. It is abhorrent to treat one’s political opponents in such a way., 10. Placing the opposition politicians in isolation camps with no court sentences needs to be acknowledged as a scandal, unworthy of the principles of democracy. Praise Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. It is abhorrent to treat political opponents in such a way., 2. Now, if they took better care of the peasants as well..., 3. The new constitution gave the President more power. It was him, for example, who appointed the government., 4. Finally, the quarrels in the Sejm have been curtailed., 5. This country is unlivable! It’s a prison! I’m leaving and coming back only when there are different people in power!, 6. Many well-known politicians decided to emigrate to different countries, such as Switzerland., 7. It is a good thing that the schools put so much emphasis on raising the children to serve the state. Owing to this, the young generation will be a generation of patriots. And, perhaps, will not repeat the errors of their elders., 8. Do we really need to sway from one extreme to another?, 9. It is abhorrent to treat one’s political opponents in such a way., 10. Placing the opposition politicians in isolation camps with no court sentences needs to be acknowledged as a scandal, unworthy of the principles of democracy. Expressing emotion Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. It is abhorrent to treat political opponents in such a way., 2. Now, if they took better care of the peasants as well..., 3. The new constitution gave the President more power. It was him, for example, who appointed the government., 4. Finally, the quarrels in the Sejm have been curtailed., 5. This country is unlivable! It’s a prison! I’m leaving and coming back only when there are different people in power!, 6. Many well-known politicians decided to emigrate to different countries, such as Switzerland., 7. It is a good thing that the schools put so much emphasis on raising the children to serve the state. Owing to this, the young generation will be a generation of patriots. And, perhaps, will not repeat the errors of their elders., 8. Do we really need to sway from one extreme to another?, 9. It is abhorrent to treat one’s political opponents in such a way., 10. Placing the opposition politicians in isolation camps with no court sentences needs to be acknowledged as a scandal, unworthy of the principles of democracy. Matter-of-fact description of the situation Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. It is abhorrent to treat political opponents in such a way., 2. Now, if they took better care of the peasants as well..., 3. The new constitution gave the President more power. It was him, for example, who appointed the government., 4. Finally, the quarrels in the Sejm have been curtailed., 5. This country is unlivable! It’s a prison! I’m leaving and coming back only when there are different people in power!, 6. Many well-known politicians decided to emigrate to different countries, such as Switzerland., 7. It is a good thing that the schools put so much emphasis on raising the children to serve the state. Owing to this, the young generation will be a generation of patriots. And, perhaps, will not repeat the errors of their elders., 8. Do we really need to sway from one extreme to another?, 9. It is abhorrent to treat one’s political opponents in such a way., 10. Placing the opposition politicians in isolation camps with no court sentences needs to be acknowledged as a scandal, unworthy of the principles of democracy. Proposing new solutions Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. It is abhorrent to treat political opponents in such a way., 2. Now, if they took better care of the peasants as well..., 3. The new constitution gave the President more power. It was him, for example, who appointed the government., 4. Finally, the quarrels in the Sejm have been curtailed., 5. This country is unlivable! It’s a prison! I’m leaving and coming back only when there are different people in power!, 6. Many well-known politicians decided to emigrate to different countries, such as Switzerland., 7. It is a good thing that the schools put so much emphasis on raising the children to serve the state. Owing to this, the young generation will be a generation of patriots. And, perhaps, will not repeat the errors of their elders., 8. Do we really need to sway from one extreme to another?, 9. It is abhorrent to treat one’s political opponents in such a way., 10. Placing the opposition politicians in isolation camps with no court sentences needs to be acknowledged as a scandal, unworthy of the principles of democracy.

Match the keyword with the definition. Sanation Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The political alliance in power between 1926-1939. It called for a moral renewal and the healing of public life; it was authoritarian in character., 2. The highest authority organ in the state; in Poland, it is made up of two Houses, the Sejm and the Senat., 3. In other words, the fundamental law – a state’s most important legal act., 4. A right-wing political movement born in the late nineteenth century. Its founder and leader was Roman Dmowski; it followed a nationalist ideology., 5. An illegal attempt, most commonly employing the use of military, to take over the authority in the state., 6. A view claiming the superiority of one’s own nation above the others. National Democrats Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The political alliance in power between 1926-1939. It called for a moral renewal and the healing of public life; it was authoritarian in character., 2. The highest authority organ in the state; in Poland, it is made up of two Houses, the Sejm and the Senat., 3. In other words, the fundamental law – a state’s most important legal act., 4. A right-wing political movement born in the late nineteenth century. Its founder and leader was Roman Dmowski; it followed a nationalist ideology., 5. An illegal attempt, most commonly employing the use of military, to take over the authority in the state., 6. A view claiming the superiority of one’s own nation above the others. Constitution Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The political alliance in power between 1926-1939. It called for a moral renewal and the healing of public life; it was authoritarian in character., 2. The highest authority organ in the state; in Poland, it is made up of two Houses, the Sejm and the Senat., 3. In other words, the fundamental law – a state’s most important legal act., 4. A right-wing political movement born in the late nineteenth century. Its founder and leader was Roman Dmowski; it followed a nationalist ideology., 5. An illegal attempt, most commonly employing the use of military, to take over the authority in the state., 6. A view claiming the superiority of one’s own nation above the others. Coup d’état Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The political alliance in power between 1926-1939. It called for a moral renewal and the healing of public life; it was authoritarian in character., 2. The highest authority organ in the state; in Poland, it is made up of two Houses, the Sejm and the Senat., 3. In other words, the fundamental law – a state’s most important legal act., 4. A right-wing political movement born in the late nineteenth century. Its founder and leader was Roman Dmowski; it followed a nationalist ideology., 5. An illegal attempt, most commonly employing the use of military, to take over the authority in the state., 6. A view claiming the superiority of one’s own nation above the others. Parliament Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The political alliance in power between 1926-1939. It called for a moral renewal and the healing of public life; it was authoritarian in character., 2. The highest authority organ in the state; in Poland, it is made up of two Houses, the Sejm and the Senat., 3. In other words, the fundamental law – a state’s most important legal act., 4. A right-wing political movement born in the late nineteenth century. Its founder and leader was Roman Dmowski; it followed a nationalist ideology., 5. An illegal attempt, most commonly employing the use of military, to take over the authority in the state., 6. A view claiming the superiority of one’s own nation above the others. Nationalism Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The political alliance in power between 1926-1939. It called for a moral renewal and the healing of public life; it was authoritarian in character., 2. The highest authority organ in the state; in Poland, it is made up of two Houses, the Sejm and the Senat., 3. In other words, the fundamental law – a state’s most important legal act., 4. A right-wing political movement born in the late nineteenth century. Its founder and leader was Roman Dmowski; it followed a nationalist ideology., 5. An illegal attempt, most commonly employing the use of military, to take over the authority in the state., 6. A view claiming the superiority of one’s own nation above the others.