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What affects the air temperature?

Source: licencja: CC 0, [online], dostępny w internecie: www.pixabay.com.

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • what the place of the atmosphere is in relation to the lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and pedosphere;

  • that Earth's atmosphere is a part of Earth and moves with it.

You will learn
  • explain the concepts of: temperature inversion, temperature variation, diurnal temperature variation, annual temperature variation;

  • describe the relation between the height above sea level and the temperature;

  • describe how inversion contributes to the formation of such phenomena as fog and smog.

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Nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

The air temperature changes in the subsequent atmosphere layers in a very wide range. However, we are most interested in the temperature in the lower troposphere, the Earth's surface, and how it changes throughout the day and the year. Since it depends on so many factors, it is difficult to predict its values and fluctuations. Weather forecasting, including the air temperature, is a job for the department of meteorology.

Elements affecting temperature changes

Zones, seasons, time

Observed temperatures

Geographical location

the Tropics

high

the temperate zone

medium

the Arctic zones

low

Height above sea level

lowlands and highlands

high

mountains

low

Geographical location

within continents in summer

high

within continents in winter

low

coasts in summer

low

coasts in winter

high

Season

summer

high

winter

low

Time during the day

day

high

night

low

As the altitude rises, the air temperature usually drops by 0.6°C every 100 m, but in the case of completely dry air, it can even drop by 1°C every 100 m. In some areas there are exceptions and then the valleys are cooler than the mountain peaks. This phenomenon is called air temperature inversiontemperature inversionair temperature inversion. What also affects the air temperature: cloudiness, vegetation or lack thereof, direction of terrain slope, sea currents and even human activities. Only after combining all these components can we understand, how difficult it is to predict the temperature of a given area and how often it changes in both time and space.
Air thermal variability in a given area is characterized by air temperature variationtemperature variationair temperature variation – the difference between the highest and lowest value measured in a given period. For example, one of the largest diurnal air temperature variationsdiurnal temperature variationdiurnal air temperature variations - differences between the maximum and minimum temperature measured during the day, occur in deserts near the Tropics. During the day, the air heats up, and at night the temperature can drop even below 0°C. Diurnal temperature variation can reach several dozen degrees Celsius. On the other hand, one of the largest annual air temperature variationsannual temperature variationannual air temperature variations – differences between the average monthly temperature of the warmest month and the average temperature of the coldest month – occurs in higher latitudes and away from the sea and ocean shores. For example, we have the Siberian Oymyakon, where the annual amplitude reached 104°C (-71°C – the average temperature in January, 33°C – the average temperature in July).

Task 1

Calculate the difference between the temperature of the humid air above Morskie Oko - the largest lake of the Polish Tatras, located at an altitude of 1,395 m above sea level. – and Rysy – the highest peak in the Polish Tatras at an altitude of 2,499 m above sea level. To simplify the calculations, you can round the given heights to hundreds of meters.

Task 2

According to the average monthly air temperature in a certain place in Poland, calculate the average annual temperature. Calculate the annual amplitude of monthly average temperature values in this place.

MONTH

MONTHLY AVERAGE AIR TEMPERATURE

January

-3.3°C

February

-2.1°C

March

1.9°C

April

7.7°C

May

13.5°C

June

16.7°C

July

18.0°C

August

17.3°C

September

13.1°C

October

8.2°C

November

3.2°C

December

-1.0°C

Air temperature measurement
Observation 1
  • Practising the ability to measure atmospheric air pressure. Learning the air temperature at 2 m above the ground.

  • Raising awareness of the changes in air temperature in the lower troposphere.

You will need
  • window thermometer.

Instruction
  1. Place the thermometer in the shade in a ventilated area at a height of 2 m above the ground.

  2. Check the thermometer reading, providing the correct temperature unit.

  3. Read the extreme possible measurements of the thermometer, which probably exceed the temperature range of the atmospheric air present in Poland.

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Exercise 1
Match the definition to the concept: air temperature inversion, air temperature variation, diurnal air temperature variation, annual temperature variation. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. the difference between the monthly average temperature of the warmest month and the average monthly temperature of the coldest month, 2. the difference between the highest and lowest temperatures measured in a given day, 3. the difference between the maximum and minimum value of observed temperatures in a given period, 4. a meteorological phenomenon occurring in the lower atmosphere, in which the temperature rises with altitude
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Exercise 2
Wysłuchaj nagrań słówek w słowniczku i naucz się ich prawidłowej wymowy.
Examples of thermometers of different construction and purpose
Source: licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Exercise 3
Calculate the air temperature at the top of the mountain if it is 15°C in the valley 1,500 m below and the air is very dry. Select the correct answer. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 0°C, 4°C, 9°C, 15°C
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Exercise 4
Select all factors that affect air temperature in a given place and time. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. cloudiness, 2. vegetation, 3. terrain, 4. sea currents, 5. season, 6. human activities, 7. groundwater, 8. time of day

Summary

  • The air temperature near Earth's surface depends on many different natural factors and on human activity.

1

Keywords

air temperature inversion, air temperature variation, diurnal air temperature variation, annual air temperature variation.

Glossary

temperature variation
temperature variation
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

amplituda temperatury – różnica między maksymalną i minimalną wartością rozpatrywanych temperatur w danym okresie

diurnal temperature variation
diurnal temperature variation
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

amplituda dobowa temperatury powietrza – różnica między najwyższą i najniższą temperaturą zmierzoną w ciągu danej doby

annual temperature variation
annual temperature variation
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

amplituda roczna temperatury powietrza – różnica pomiędzy średnią miesięczną temperaturą miesiąca najcieplejszego a średnią miesięczną temperaturą miesiąca najchłodniejszego

temperature inversion
temperature inversion
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

inwersja termiczna – zjawisko meteorologiczne zachodzące w dolnej warstwie atmosfery, polegające, odwrotnie niż w zazwyczaj spotykanych warunkach, na wzroście temperatury wraz z wysokością