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What determines the electrical resistance of the conductor?

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Od czego zależy opór elektryczny przewodnika?

You will learn
  • the dependence of the resistance of the conductor on its dimensions and resistivity,

  • verify this formula experimentally in English.

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nagranie abstraktu

Answer the introductory questions for the lesson.

  1. What is voltage?

  2. What is current intensity?

  3. Formulate the Ohm's law.

  4. What is electrical resistance?

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nagranie abstraktu

A conductor is characterized by the electrical resistance. It is in no way dependent on the voltage applied to the conductor or the current flowing through the conductor.

So the main question arises. What determines the resistance of the conductor?

Let us assume in further considerations that the temperature of the conductor is constantconstantconstant.

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nagranie abstraktu
Hypothesis No. 1

The resistance of the conductor is directly proportionaldirectly proportionaldirectly proportional to the length of the conductor.

Opór R jest wprost proporcjonalny do długości l.
Opór R jest wprost proporcjonalny do długości l.
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nagranie abstraktu
Experiment No. 1 (verification of research Hypothesis No. 1)

1. You will need several identical wire wound resistors, ammeter, voltmeter and voltage source to perform the experiment.

2. Build the system according to the diagram below.

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Resistors connected in series
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

3. Perform measurements of the current flowing in the system and the voltage supplying the circuit for 5 resistors, 4 resistors, etc. Start with measurements for all resistors and then disconnect one after another.

4. Write down the measurement results into the measurement table.

No.

Number of resistors

I [A]

U [V]

R=UI

Wire length

5

5

5l

4

4

4l

3

3

3l

2

2

2l

1

1

l

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nagranie abstraktu

Note: We are not able to determine the length of the wire used to build a single resistor, but we have the right to say that if we connect resistors in series, the total length of the wire increases n - times, where n is the number of resistors used.

5. Perform the measurements for a given number of resistors several times and write down the average value into the measurement table. This will eliminate possible gross errors (mistakes).

6. After making the measurements and their averaging, make a graph of the dependence of the total resistance of the conductor on its length.

7. Discuss the obtained result.

If you have correctly performed Experiment No. 1, the graph of the dependence of R on l should look like this.
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Dependence of the conductor resistance on its length
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

The above graph clearly confirms the validity of research Hypothesis No. 1.

The resistance of the conductor is directly proportionaldirectly proportionaldirectly proportional to its length.

Opór R jest wprost proporcjonalny do długości l.
Opór R jest wprost proporcjonalny do długości l.
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nagranie abstraktu
Hypothesis No. 2

The resistance of the conductor is inversely proportionalinversely proportionalinversely proportional to the cross‑sectional area S of the conductor.

Opór R jest odwrotnie proporcjonalny do pola powierzchni przekroju poprzecznego S.
Opór R jest odwrotnie proporcjonalny do pola powierzchni przekroju poprzecznego S.
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nagranie abstraktu
Experiment No. 2 (verification of research Hypothesis No. 2)

1. You will need several identical resistors made of resistance wire, ammeter, voltmeter and voltage source to perform the experiment.

2. Build the system according to the diagram below.

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Resistors connected in parallel
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

3. Perform measurements of the current flowing in the system and the voltage supplying the circuit for 5 resistors, 4 resistors, etc. Start with measurements for all resistors and then disconnect one after another.

4. Write down the measurement results into the measurement table.

No.

Number of resistors

I [A]

U [V]

R=UI

Cross‑sectional area S

5

5

5S

4

4

4S

3

3

3S

2

2

2S

1

1

S

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nagranie abstraktu

Note: We are not able to determine the cross‑sectional area of the wire used to build a single resistor, but we have the right to say that if we connect resistors in parallel, the cross‑sectional area S of the wire increases n times, where n is the number of resistors used.

5. Perform the measurements for a given number of resistors several times and write down the average value into the measurement table. This will eliminate possible gross errors (mistakes).

6. After making the measurements and their averaging, make a graph of the dependence of the total resistance of the conductor on its cross‑sectional area.

7. Discuss the obtained result.

If you have correctly performed Experiment No. 2, the graph of the dependence of R on S should look like this:
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Dependence of conductor resistance on its cross-sectional area
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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nagranie abstraktu

The above graph clearly confirms the validity of research Hypothesis No. 2.

The resistance of the conductor is inversely proportionalinversely proportionalinversely proportional to its cross‑sectional area S.

Opór R jest odwrotnie proporcjonalny do pola powierzchni przekroju poprzecznego S.
Opór R jest odwrotnie proporcjonalny do pola powierzchni przekroju poprzecznego S.
After performing two experiments, we have the right to say that:
Opór R jest wprost proporcjonalne do długości l i odwrotnie proporcjonalny do pola powierzchni przekroju poprzecznego S.
Opór R jest wprost proporcjonalne do długości l i odwrotnie proporcjonalny do pola powierzchni przekroju poprzecznego S.
What else can the resistance of the conductor depend on?
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nagranie abstraktu

The answer to this question is not so difficult. Just remember that not every conductor is built in the same way. The conductors are most often metals. Electron configuration of each metal is different and the number of valence electrons is also different.

Resistance of the conductor also depends on the type of such a conductor, on what metal the conductor is made up.

To write such a relation mathematically, a material constantconstantconstant describing a given conductor, called the resistivityresistivityresistivity (specific resistance), is introduced. Most often, we label this quantity with the letter ρ.

Eventually, we can write the formula for the resistance of the conductor:

R=ρlS
Below are examples of values of resistivity for selected substances:
Tabela zbudowana dwóch kolumn: Substance, Resistivity [ohm razy metr]. W kolejnych wierszach przedstawiona jest oporność różnych substancji. Silver 1,59 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, copper 1,72 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, gold 2,44 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, aluminium 2,82 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, tungsten 5,60 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, nickel 6,99 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, iron 10 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, tin 10,9 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, platinum 11 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, lead 22 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, nichrome 150 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, carbon 3,5 razy 10 do potęgi minus 5, germanium 0,46, silicon 640, glass 10 do potęgi 10 do 10 do potęgi 14, gum about 10 do potęgi 13, sulfur razy 10 do potęgi 15.
Tabela zbudowana dwóch kolumn: Substance, Resistivity [ohm razy metr]. W kolejnych wierszach przedstawiona jest oporność różnych substancji. Silver 1,59 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, copper 1,72 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, gold 2,44 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, aluminium 2,82 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, tungsten 5,60 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, nickel 6,99 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, iron 10 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, tin 10,9 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, platinum 11 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, lead 22 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, nichrome 150 razy 10 do potęgi minus 8, carbon 3,5 razy 10 do potęgi minus 5, germanium 0,46, silicon 640, glass 10 do potęgi 10 do 10 do potęgi 14, gum about 10 do potęgi 13, sulfur razy 10 do potęgi 15.
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Po lewej stronie ilustracji interaktywnej znajduje się lista różnych metali i ich stopów: gold, bronze, brass, steel, copper, lead, cast iron, aluminium, silver. Po prawej stronie znajdują się rysunki obrazujące elementy z listy. Sztabki złota oznaczone są numerem 1, stal oznaczona jest numerem 2, srebro oznaczone jest numerem 3. Na ilustracji widoczne są numery, a na nich podpisy. 1. gold conducts electricity very well {audio}, 2. steel is not a good conductor for electricity {audio}, 3. silver conducts electricity very well {audio}.
Metals and their alloys - some conduct electricity well and others much worse
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
Summary
  • The current flowing in the conductor is proportional to the potential difference (voltage) at its ends:

    I=1RU

    The proportionality factor is the inverse of the electrical resistance R of the conductor.

  • We also know that the resistance of a homogeneous conductor with a constantconstantconstant cross‑section is proportional to its length and inversely proportionalinversely proportionalinversely proportional to the cross‑sectional area:

    R=ρlS

    The proportionality factor ρ is called the resistivityresistivityresistivity of the substance from which the conductor is made.

Exercises

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Exercise 1
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Determine which sentence is true. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. The resistivity depends on the shape of the conductor., 2. For insulators, the resistivity is much smaller than for metals., 3. If we increase the length of the conductor twice, its resistivity remains constant., 4. If we reduce the diameter of the conductor twice, its resistivity decreases 4 times.
Exercise 2

There are two conductors with the same length and cross‑section area. One of them was made of gold and the other of copper. Calculate which one has greater resistance and how many times greater. Use the table above.

Exercise 3

Write in English shortly why the resistance of the conductor is directly proportionaldirectly proportionaldirectly proportional to its length and inversely proportionalinversely proportionalinversely proportional to the cross‑sectional area. Refer to the microscopic structure of metallic conductors.

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Exercise 4
Wersja alternatywna ćwiczenia: Indicate which pairs of expressions or words are translated correctly. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. odwrotnie proporcjonalny - conductor resistance , 2. opór właściwy - resistivity, 3. wartość stała - constant, 4. wprost proporcjonalny - directly proportional, 5. opór przewodnika - inversely proportional
zadanie
Source: GroMar, licencja: CC BY 3.0.
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Interaktywna gra, polegająca na łączeniu wyrazów w pary w ciągu jednej minuty. Czas zaczyna upływać wraz z rozpoczęciem gry. Jeden ruch to odkrywanie najpierw jednej potem drugiej karty z wyrazem. Każdy wyraz jest odczytywany. Kolejny ruch to odkrywanie trzeciej i czwartej karty. W ten sposób odsłuchasz wszystkie wyrazy. Nawigacja z poziomu klawiatury za pomocą strzałek, odsłuchiwanie wyrazów enterem lub spacją. Znajdź wszystkie pary wyrazów.
Source: Zespół autorski Politechniki Łódzkiej, licencja: CC BY 3.0.

Glossary

conductor resistance
conductor resistance

opór przewodnika

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wymowa w języku angielskim: conductor resistance
constant
constant

wartość stała

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wymowa w języku angielskim: constant
directly proportional
directly proportional

wprost proporcjonalny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: directly proportional
inversely proportional
inversely proportional

odwrotnie proporcjonalny

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wymowa w języku angielskim: inversely proportional
resistivity
resistivity

opór właściwy

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wymowa w języku angielskim: resistivity

Keywords

conductor resistanceconductor resistance conductor resistance

constantconstantconstant

resistivityresistivityresistivity