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Before you start you should know

what the internal structure of the Earth is;
what types of basic types of rocks and minerals can be distinguished;
what the causes and consequences of the plate are like structure of the earth's crust.

You will learn

determine the relationship between the location on the boundary of lithospheric plates and the occurrence of volcanoes and earthquakes;
indicate and name the elements of a volcanic cone in a figure;
discuss the difference between a volcanic cone and a shield volcano, and the difference between an active volcano and an extinct volcano;
locate places on a physical world map with the largest active volcanoes;
give conclusions concerning the Pacific ring of fire;
explain what a geyser is and when it arises;
justify how volcanoes affect human life.

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Task 1

Jakie znasz aktywne wulkany?

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Volcanic phenomena arise as a result of the high pressure of matter that is located deep below the Earth's surface, in the Earth's crust or the mantle. MagmamagmaMagma is formed there – a hot, molten mass of rocks, with a lot of water and gases. This pressure causes the solid, liquid and gaseous volcanic products escape to the surface of the Earth. Through cracks and openings in the Earth's crust the melted rock mass is poured, i.e. lavalavalava, and gases and volcanic ashes are pushed into the atmosphere. A place where lava and other volcanic products escape to the surface of the continents or to the bottom of the sea is called volcanovolcanovolcano. The course of the eruption and the shape of the volcanic cones depend on the gas pressure and the temperature and viscosity of lava.
Volcanoes, from which thick lava, a lot of gases and ashes escape, usually take the shape of high cones, that is why we call them cone volcanoes. Their eruptions are violent and dangerous to people. Mild, slow eruptions of thin lava, with a small amount of volcanic gases, form flat shield volcanoes. Volcanoes are formed most often in subduction zones and then magma is formed from melted rocks of sinking lithosphere plates. Many volcanoes also occur in spreading zones (both on land and on the ocean floor), and the lava spilling out of them comes from the Earth's mantle. Volcanoes are also found far from the boundaries of the lithosphere plates, but within their range. They are formed over the so‑called hot spots, i.e. places where convection currents in the Earth's mantle provide so much heat that it can melt the lithosphere and allow the magma to travel towards the Earth's surface. One of the largest hot spots is located under the Yellowstone National Park in the USA.

Get acquainted with the elements of the volcano at the moment of the explosion (below).

During the eruption of the volcano, volcanic material escapes into the atmosphere (magma, pyroclastic materials, volatile substances: gases, various).

Task 2

Familiarise yourself with the elements of volcano. Does all volcanoes look like that? Can you distinguish varius types of volcanoes?

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Volcano

Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

Exercise 1

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Choose the correct name for the mixture of molten rocks and other liquid and gaseous volcanic products inside the Earth.

magma
pyroclastic flow
lithosphere
bench

Exercise 2

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Where do volcanoes most often arise? Choose the names of the two zones in which volcanoes are most often created.

subduction zone
Moho zone
tropopause zone
coastal zone
spreading zone
metamorphosis zone

Exercise 3

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Shapes of volcanoes. Complete the text.

The shape of volcanic cones depends on gas ................, temperature and viscosity of lava. Volcanoes from which dense ............ and a lot of gases and ............ escape are called .............. or explosive volcanoes. When the eruption is mild and slow, it is from more liquid lava with a small amount of ................ gases formed by flat ............ volcanoes, also called effusive.

Exercise 4

In available resources search information for volcano's types. What is a conical volcano and a shield volcano?

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Fotografia przedstawiająca stratowulkan Parinacota, znajdujący się na granicy chilijsko-boliwijskiej. W dole zdjęcia widać płaską przestrzeń wody, z której w dalszym planie wyrasta wulkan. Szczyt wulkanu pokryty jest śniegiem. — Parinacota, Bolivia. Source
Source: Pavel Špindler, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Fotografia przedstawiająca najwyższy aktywny wulkan tarczowy Manua Kea, będący najwyższym szczytem archipelagu Hawaje (USA), na wyspie Hawaii. — Mauna Kea, Hawaii
Source: Nula666, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Tytuł zdjęcia to Skjaldbreiður, National Park of Þingvellir, Iceland. Fotografia przedstawia wygasły wulkan tarczowy Skjaldbreiður, który ostatni raz wybuchł ponad 7500 lat temu. Ten niewysoki, spłaszczony wulkan położony jest w południowo-zachodniej Islandii. — Skjaldbreiður, National Park of Þingvellir, Iceland
Source: Christian Bickel,, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.

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Fotografia przedstawiająca Mayon – czynny wulkan na wyspie Luzon na Filipinach. Mayon jest zaliczany do stratowulkanów. Tworzy stożek wulkaniczny o zboczach nachylonych pod kątem 35 do 40 stopni. Na szczycie znajduje się niewielki krater. — Mayon Volcano in Albay, Philippines
Source: Jakub Michankow.

Exercise 5

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Plates of the Iceland.

Source: licencja: CC 0.

Exercise 6

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Volcano

Source: MesserWoland, licencja: CC BY-SA 2.5.

Task 3

What are the causes of strong volcanic activity along the Pacific Ring of Fire?

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Grafika przedstawiająca rowy oceaniczne tworzące Pacyficzny Pierścień Ognia. Volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches partly encircling the Pacific Basin form the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Na grafice zaznaczono od zachodu na wschód, zgodnie z ruchem zegara: Rów Kermadec, Rów Tonga, Rów Bougainville’a, Rów Jawajski, zwany także Sundajskim, Rów Mariański, Rów Filipiński, Rów Riukiu, Rów Izu-Bonin, Rów Japoński, Rów Kurylsko-Kamczacki, Rów Aleucki, Rów Środkowoamerykański, Rów Peruwiańsko-Chilijski. Jest to strefa częstych trzęsień ziemi i erupcji wulkanicznych, złożona z pasu rowów oceanicznych, łuków wyspowych i aktywnych wulkanów, która otacza niemal nieprzerwanie Ocean Spokojny na długości około 40 tysięcy kilometrów. — Volcanic arcs and oceanic trenches partly encircling the Pacific Basin form the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Source: domena publiczna.

Task 4

In available resources search for the information about places of volcanic activity in Poland. Tell the others what the characteristic elements of volcanic landscape are there?