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Wildlife of the savannah

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • how to recognise a savannah landscape;

  • the climate typical for the savannah;

  • how to link the climate to living conditions in various biomes.

You will learn
  • to describe vegetation that grows on the savannah;

  • to describe the link between climatic conditions and vegetation that grows on the savannah;

  • to recognise selected species of animals that inhabit the savannah;

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nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

Savannah vegetation

The climatic conditions of areas where savannahsavannasavannah can be found (dry season and rainy season) force the existence of specific vegetation. The largest sufraces are covered by grasses that are well adapted to survive the dry season. Their blades grow near the base, rather than on the tip. This way grass that is picked by animals from above can keep growing. Some species of grass on the savannah (e.g. elephant grass) reach impressive heights of even up to 5 metres.

Shrubs growing on the savannah ofter store water in stem or leaf tissues. Many of them, like aloe or euphorbia, have developed thorns for protection against herbivores. Another way in which they protect themselves against the loss of precious water is the transformation of leaves into dry and hard creations that resemble long pine needles. An example of such shrub (and sometimes tree) is the Australian sheoak.

These trees are sparse on the savannah, as the herds of herbivores trample their seedlings or eat them before they can grow. However, if they do manage to grow, they often reach enormous sizes. Due to the size of their roots, which extend several metres deep and many metres wide, they have the highest potential to draw water from deeper layers. Eventually, however, even these trees run out of water during the dry season. During the rainy season, certain trees on the savannah store water in their trunks, e.g. baobabs. Other, like eucalyptus, produce draught‑resistant leathery leaves that position themselves with the edge towards the sun or have small leaves and long thorns, like acacias. Sometimes, when the draught persists for a long time, trees shed their leave to reduce evaporation.

Animal life on the savannah

Grasses that grow rapidly during the rainy season are an enormous food source for animals. That’s why there are large herbivorous mammals on the African savannahs, such as: elephants, rhinoceri, giraffes and buffaloes. Zebras and other species of antelope travel across the savannah in large herds. On the South American savannahs, there are no large herds and no large herbivores. Among ungulates, particular attention is drawn by the pampas deer. In this biome, the vicinity of rivers is populated by the largest critters in the world – capybaras. Other interesting mentions that cannot be found on other continents include anteaters and armadillos. In Australia, the largest animals that inhabit the savannah are kangaroos. In recent years, more and more wild camels brought there by humans are sighted.

Where there are herbivores, there are also numerous predators. In Africa, large carnivores include, among others, lions, leopards and slightly smaller, but incredibly fast cheetahs. Smaller predators include hyenas, jackals and lycaons that hunt in packs or eat scraps left by larger predators. The largest predators on the South American savannah are the jaguar and maned wolf, whereas in Australia it’s the wild dingo.

Large flightless birds, such as African ostriches and their slightly smaller counterparts: nandu in South America and emu in Australia, are typical for the savannah. Large scavengingscavengerscavenging vulchers can be found everywhere. In Africa, the bird characteristic for the savannah is the marabou stork. The savannahs on all continents are inhabited by many reptiles (especially snakes and lizards) and countless intervertabrates (termites, ants, locusts, spiders).

Savannahs are also inhabited by people who farm the land, breed goats, livestock and horses, and hunt. It’s a perfect place for grazing enormous herds of livestock.

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Ilustracja zawiera dwie fotografie: w lewym górnym rogu aligatora, w prawym dolnym rogu krokodyla. Do ilustracji dołączono opisy: 1. A crocodile’s upper and lower jaw are the same width. When it closes them, its teeth protrude outwards., 2. Crocodiles are very aggresive. They will not disregard anything that comes close to them., 3. An aligator’s upper jaw is wider than the lower jaw, and its lower teeth match the small holes in its upper jaw. When the animal closes its jaws, its teeth remain hidden., 4. Aligator skin is darker than crocodile skin.
Differences betweeen crocodiles and aligators
Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
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Exercise 1
Indicate how savannah vegetation has adapted to life in draught conditions. Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. it has thorns to protect against animal life, 2. it produces large leaves to provide shade, 3. it stores water, 4. it evaporates water through leaves, 5. high altitude, because it is colder at higher altitudes, 6. it produces roots that conduct heat, 7. it sheds leaves when dry season begins
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Exercise 2
Divide animals according to the type of food they consume. Match their names to appropriate groups. herbivores Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. vulture, 2. elephant, 3. rhinoceros, 4. hyena, 5. wildebeest, 6. giraffe, 7. African wild dog, 8. zebra, 9. hippopotamus, 10. lion predators Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. vulture, 2. elephant, 3. rhinoceros, 4. hyena, 5. wildebeest, 6. giraffe, 7. African wild dog, 8. zebra, 9. hippopotamus, 10. lion scavengers Możliwe odpowiedzi: 1. vulture, 2. elephant, 3. rhinoceros, 4. hyena, 5. wildebeest, 6. giraffe, 7. African wild dog, 8. zebra, 9. hippopotamus, 10. lion
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Exercise 3
Wymień różnice pomiędzy krokodylem a aligatorem.
Source: Matthew Field, Charles J Scharp, Mfield, licencja: CC BY-SA 4.0.

Summary

  • Vegetation that grows on the savannah mainly includes grasses as well as a small number of shrubs and trees.

  • Plants growing on the savannah store water or limit its loss.

  • The lack of water during the dry season makes it impossible to increase the number of shrubs and trees on the savannah.

  • Thanks to the abundant grass growth during the rainy season, the savannah provides a source of food for the largest herbivores.

  • A large population of large herbivores constitutes a food source for large and numerous predators and scavengers.

Keywords

savannah, crocodile, aligator, lion

Glossary

savanna
savanna
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

sawanna – obejmuje obszar na północ od lasu równikowego do równoleżnika 15°N i na południe do 18°S. Sawanna jest formacją roślinną zajmującą największy obszar w Afryce. W zależności od długości trwania pory wilgotnej i sumy opadu różni się ona składem gatunkowym roślinności.

herbivore
herbivore
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

roślinożerca – zwierzę, które wykorzystuje rośliny lub ich części jako pokarm

scavenger
scavenger
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nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

padlinożerca – zwierzę, które samo nie poluje, ale zjada martwe zwierzęta