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Major vegetation types

Link to the lesson

Before you start you should know
  • what the relation between the illumination of Earth”s surface and the diversification of environmental conditions is;

  • what climate zones are found on Earth;

  • how atmospheric circulation and general azonal factors affect the availability of water in various parts of the planet;

  • what the characteristic features of each climate type is and how climate types differ from one another.

You will learn
  • about some types of vegetation found on Earth;

  • to show major vegetation types on the map of the world;

  • to name the altitudinal zones of the Tatra Mountains.

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nagranie dźwiękowe abstraktu

The factors affecting the occurrence of different types of vegetation on Earth are: climate, availability of water, terrain and soil type. This is why vegetation varies depending on the climate zone, climate type and even on the conditions prevalent in a specific area. In each vegetation region, you can find characteristic forms of vegetation as well as their distinct local subtypes.

Descriptions of vegetation regions of the world

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Major vegetation types. Tropical forest Climate: hot and humid all year round Examples of plants: palms, orchids, lianas, banana trees, tree ferns, mangroves Examples of animals: gorillas, hippopotamuses, hummingbirds, chameleons, piranhas, butterflies, Savannah Climate: hot all year round but with two distinct seasons: dry and rainy Examples of plants: acacias, baobabs, eucalyptuses, thorny bushes, grasses Examples of animals: elephants, giraffes, antelopes, lions, hyenas, ostriches, vultures, snakes, grasshoppers, thermites, Hot deserts and semi-deserts Climate: hot during the day and cold at night, little precipitation only in summer Examples of plants: agaves, stonecrops, cacti, aloes, date palms in oases Examples of animals: camels, gerbils, lizards, rattlesnakes, scorpions, ants, flies, Mediterranean vegetation (maquis) Climate: hot and dry in summer, warm and rainy in winter Examples of plants: cedars, kermes oaks, wild olive trees, pistachio trees, myrtle, heath, cypress, juniper, laurel, lavender Examples of animals: fallow deer, mouflons, porcupines, bats, flamingoes, geckos, turtles, Steppes and cold deserts Climate: hot and dry summers, frosty winters Examples of plants: grasses, wormwood, hyacinths, tulips, garlic Examples of animals: saiga antelopes, donkeys, shrews, ground squirrels, bobak marmots, quails, bustards, locusts, Broadleaf and mixed forest Climate: warm and rainy summers, cool and humid winters Examples of plants: beech, oak, maple, lime tree, ash, pine Examples of animals: wisent (European bison), roe deer, deer, boars, wolves, storks, sparrows, Taiga Climate: short, warm summers and frosty winters Examples of plants: pine, spruce, fir, larch, yew, birch, alder, juniper, moss Examples of animals: elks, bears, wolves, foxes, stoats, tits, waxwings, mosquitoes, Tundra Climate: very short, cool summers and long, frosty winters Examples of plants: dwarf birch, dwarf willow, heather, bilberries, reindeer lichen Examples of animals: reindeer, wolves, arctic foxes, mountain hares, lemmings, buzzards, ptarmigans, snowy owls, Arctic and Antarctic desert Main Climate: freezing all year long with very short and cool summers occurring only in coastal areas. Examples of plants: moss, liverwort, very rarely grasses Examples of animals: The Arctic: polar bears, walruses, seals The Antarctic: penguins, elephant seals, seals Tropical forest Climate: Examples of plants: palms, orchids, lianas, banana trees, tree ferns, mangroves Examples of animals: gorillas, hippopotamuses, hummingbirds, chameleons, piranhas, butterflies Savannah Climate: hot all year round but with two distinct seasons: dry and rainy Examples of plants: acacias, baobabs, eucalyptuses, thorny bushes, grasses Examples of animals: elephants, giraffes, antelopes, lions, hyenas, ostriches, vultures, snakes, grasshoppers, thermites Hot deserts and semi-deserts Climate: hot during the day and cold at night, little precipitation only in summer Examples of plants: agaves, stonecrops, cacti, aloes, date palms in oases Examples of animals: camels, gerbils, lizards, rattlesnakes, scorpions, ants, flies Mediterranean vegetation (maquis) Climate: hot and dry in summer, warm and rainy in winter Examples of plants: cedars, kermes oaks, wild olive trees, pistachio trees, myrtle, heath, cypress, juniper, laurel, lavender Examples of animals: fallow deer, mouflons, porcupines, bats, flamingoes, geckos, turtles Steppes and cold deserts Climate: hot and dry summers, frosty winters Examples of plants: grasses, wormwood, hyacinths, tulips, garlic Examples of animals: saiga antelopes, donkeys, shrews, ground squirrels, bobak marmots, quails, bustards, locusts Broadleaf and mixed forest Climate: warm and rainy summers, cool and humid winters Examples of plants: beech, oak, maple, lime tree, ash, pine Examples of animals: wisent (European bison), roe deer, deer, boars, wolves, storks, sparrows Taiga Climate: short, warm summers and frosty winters Examples of plants: pine, spruce, fir, larch, yew, birch, alder, juniper, moss Examples of animals: elks, bears, wolves, foxes, stoats, tits, waxwings, mosquitoes Tundra Climate: very short, cool summers and long, frosty winters Examples of plants: dwarf birch, dwarf willow, heather, bilberries, reindeer lichen Examples of animals: reindeer, wolves, arctic foxes, mountain hares, lemmings, buzzards, ptarmigans, snowy owls Arctic and Antarctic desert Main Climate: freezing all year long with very short and cool summers occurring only in coastal areas Examples of plants: moss, liverwort, very rarely grasses Examples of animals: The Arctic: polar bears, walruses, seals The Antarctic: penguins, elephant seals, seals

Vegetation regions of the Earth are shown on the map below.

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Map of distribution of main types of vegetation on Earth
Source: licencja: CC BY 3.0, [online], dostępny w internecie: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/pl/legalcode.
Tropical forest
Savannah
Hot desert
Maquis
Steppe
Broadleaf forest
Taiga
Tundra
Polar desert
Task 1
Name and describe the major types of vegetation found in each vegetation region
Name and describe the major types of vegetation found in each vegetation region
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Wykonaj zadanie zgodnie z poleceniem.

The climat of the environment is sometimes called vertical zonation due to the arrangement of floors in order resembling the arrangement of landscape zones (climatic and soil‑plant). Apart from desert and polar areas, where there is almost no vegetation in the mountains, in other zones, for example in the temperate zone, similarities can be found between the lower regula and the deciduous and mixed forest zone, between the upper regla floor and the taiga zone, between the mountain pine and halls and the tundra, and between the crags and the outskirts of the ice desert.

Task 2
Korzystając z dostępnych źródeł omów pietra roślinności występujące w Tatrach. Jak kształtuje się średnioroczna temperatura dla poszczególnych pięter? Na którym z pięter średnioroczna temperatura jest niższa od zera.
Korzystając z dostępnych źródeł omów pietra roślinności występujące w Tatrach. Jak kształtuje się średnioroczna temperatura dla poszczególnych pięter? Na którym z pięter średnioroczna temperatura jest niższa od zera.
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Source: GroMar Sp. z o.o..
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Wykonaj zadanie zgodnie z poleceniem.
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Exercise 1
Przypomnij sobie tytuł abstraktu, wysłuchaj nagrania i spróbuj zaproponować własny temat dla dzisiejszej lekcji.

Summary

  • The lighting zones of the Earth and the associated climate zones influenced the formation of plant zones.

  • Geographical factors cause that there are also astrephic plant formations.

  • Variability of climatic, water and terrain conditions together with altitude means that plant floors can be distinguished in the mountains.

1

Keywords

altitudinal zones, lower montane zone, upper montane zone, Tatra Mountains, plant zones

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Exercise 2
Wyjaśnij pojęcia: vegetation type, alpine meadows, creeping pine, altitudinal zones, lower montane zone, upper montane zone, vegetation region, crag

Glossary

vegetation type
vegetation type
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

formacja roślinna – typ roślinności charakterystyczny dla danego obszaru; rośliny wchodzące w skład formacji roślinnej mają podobne wymagania w stosunku do gleby i klimatu

alpine meadows
alpine meadows
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

hale – łąki wysokogórskie w wysokich partiach polskich gór powyżej piętra kosodrzewiny; obszar, w którym występują, nazywany jest piętrem hal

creeping pine
creeping pine
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

kosodrzewina – gatunek drzewa (lub krzewu) iglastego, który tworzy piętro kosodrzewiny powyżej regla górnego

altitudinal zones
altitudinal zones
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

piętra roślinne (piętra klimatyczno‑roślinne) – charakterystyczna dla wielu obszarów górskich zmienność roślinności wraz z wysokością nad poziomem morza, uwarunkowana występowaniem pięter klimatycznych

lower montane zone
lower montane zone
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

regiel dolny – piętro lasów liściastych i mieszanych występujące w górach powyżej terenów uprawnych

upper montane zone
upper montane zone
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

regiel górny – piętro lasów iglastych występujące w górach powyżej regla dolnego

vegetation region
vegetation region
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

strefa roślinna – duży obszar z odrębną roślinnością przystosowaną do szczególnych warunków panujących w tej strefie

crag
crag
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Nagranie dźwiękowe słówka

turnie – piętro w górach, powyżej piętra hal, obszar stromych ścian skalnych i głazów