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The teenager in the picture seems to be very focused on learning. She might be preparing for a test. At times, it turns out to be terribly difficult to concentrate; we get hungry, tired or distructed by other members of the family. What do you do to stay focused? How do you plan your process of learning? In this part of the material you will learn about a student who was doing their best to study at home but failed miserably.
Nastolatka na zdjęciu wydaje się być bardzo skupiona na nauce. Być może przygotowuje się do testu. Okazuje się, że czasami bardzo trudno jest się skupić: jesteśmy głodni, zmęczeni, czasami przeszkadzają nam inni członkowie rodziny. Co robisz, aby zachować koncentrację? Jak zazwyczaj planujesz swój proces uczenia się? W tej części materiału przeczytasz tekst o uczniu, który robił wszystko, aby uczyć się w domu, ale poniósł sromotną klęskę.
Study the text and do the exercises below.
Learning the right thingsYesterday I was trying to reviserevise some material before the test. Then, my mum came.
„What have you eaten today?” she asked.
“Nothing.” I realisedrealised that was the truth. My stomach started rumbling, but I didn’t want to stop even for a second. I was certain that I should continue studying or at least stay in the same room as my books. Neither was possible with my mum, though.
“It will leadlead you nowhere! You can’t stay here and eat nothing! Neither of them is healthy! Now, come. I’ll give you something to eat.”
I didn’t want to follow her. She seemed so wisewise, but I knew I was right. I couldn’t stop her though, so I stood up and… hit the lamp. It made me even angrier. I started complaining.
“Neither complaining nor delayingdelaying the moment of leaving the room...” she started.
That made me simply furious. “I’m going nowhere! You understand nothing. Actually, no one can understand me! You want to feed me like a baby, give me orders, or make me take a breaktake a break that I don’t need! Do you know which of those I will do? None!” I started shouting. I didn’t stop even though I realised that she wasn’t guiltyguilty.
“OK, as you wish, honey. I just wanted to give you a piece of my birthday cake, because you’re so busy learning that you probably have just forgotten about my day. But that’s OK. It’ll wait for you in the kitchen.” she said.
She was obviously sad. Really sad. I felt terrible. I totally forgot. What's more, I was really hungry, and she did nothing wrong.
I was just stressed outstressed out about the test. I tried to learn new things for school, but I first needed to learn to love her more.
Źródło: Marzena Pepłowska, licencja: CC BY-SA 3.0.
What do you do to avoid being stressed out before a test? Write 3‑4 sentences.
GRAMATYKA
NEGATIVE PRONOUNS - ZAIMKI NIEOKREŚLONE: no one, nobody, nothing, nowhere, none, neither
Wszystkie te zaimki wskazują na brak czegoś lub kogoś. Używamy ich, by utworzyć zdania przeczące.
Zaimek no one („nikt”) odnosi się do ludzi, np. There is no one there. – Nikogo tam nie ma.
Może też być zastąpiony zaimkiem nobody, np. There is nobody there. – Nikogo tam nie ma.
Główna różnica polega na tym, że no one piszemy osobno, a nobody razem, jako jeden wyraz.
Zaimek nothing („nic”) odnosi się do rzeczy, np. I have nothing to tell you. – Nie mam ci nic do powiedzenia.
Zaimek nowhere („nigdzie”) odnosi się do miejsc, np. There is nowhere to hide. – Nie ma się gdzie ukryć.
Zaimki none i neither („żaden”) mogą odnosić się do ludzi, rzeczy oraz miejsc.
Na przykład:
Which person would you hire? – Neither./None.
Which lipstick should I buy? – Neither/None.
Which place would you like to go to? - Neither/None.
Podstawowa różnica między neither i none polega na tym, że neither oznacza „żaden”/”żadna”/”żadne z dwóch”, a none – „żaden”/”żadna”/”żadne z trzech lub więcej rzeczy”.
Poza tym, z neither używamy czasownika w liczbie pojedynczej (neither of them is good), a z none – albo w liczbie pojedynczej (none of it is good), albo w liczbie mnogiej (none of them are good). Gdy użyjemy liczby mnogiej, nasz język stanie się potoczny, dlatego ta opcja, choć pojawia się w języku mówionym, nie jest preferowana w języku pisanym.
Which of the two cars did you like? – Neither.
Which of the three sisters wore a red dress yesterday? – None.
Sign the contract with one of those pens, please. – But none of them work/works!
Wyraz neither stosujemy też w konstrukcji neither… nor… („ani… ani”), aby powiedzieć, że dana osoba, przedmiot lub miejsce nie posiada żadnej z dwóch cech.
Her flat was neither big nor small. – Jej mieszkanie nie było ani duże, ani małe.
The day was neither sunny nor windy. – Dzień nie był ani słoneczny, ani wietrzny.
Look at the text again. See how the words no one, nowhere, nothing, none, neither are used.
2. When you talk about things, you use 1. no one/nobody, 2. nowhere, 3. none, 4. neither, 5. nothing.
3. When you talk about places, you use 1. no one/nobody, 2. nowhere, 3. none, 4. neither, 5. nothing.
4. When you talk about two items, you use 1. no one/nobody, 2. nowhere, 3. none, 4. neither, 5. nothing.
5. When you talk about three or more items, you use 1. no one/nobody, 2. nowhere, 3. none, 4. neither, 5. nothing.
2. NoneNeither of those dresses fit you. Go on, try on the fourth one!
3. I have no onenothing to talk to.
4. There is literally nothingno one in the fridge.
5. Can we keep her? She really has nowhereno one to go.
6. I want nothingnowhere to eat because I have just had lunch.
7. NoneNeither John nor Sam remembered my birthday.
8. There were twenty students in the classroom but neithernone of them wanted to read the text loud.
9. I went to the shop to buy a present for my mum but there was nothingnone to choose from.
10. No one None has ever talked to me like that!
Słownik
/ dɪˈleɪɪŋ / / dɪˈleɪ /
odkładanie w czasie [odkładać w czasie]
/ ˈɡɪlti /
winny/winna
/ liːd /
prowadzić, doprowadzić
/ ˈrɪəlaɪzd / / ˈrɪəlaɪz /
zdałem/zdałam sobie sprawę [zdawać sobie sprawę]
/ strest ˈaʊt /
zestresowany/zestresowana
/ rɪˈvaɪz /
powtarzać materiał (przed testem)
/ ˈteɪk ə breɪk /
zrobić sobie przerwę
/ waɪz /
mądry/mądra
Źródło: GroMar Sp. z o.o., licencja: CC BY‑SA 3.0