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Task 2

In available sources (you can use the Internet), find more information about inner core, rigid mantle, crusts - continental and oceanic.

In available sources (you can use the Internet), find more information about inner core, rigid mantle, crusts - continental and oceanic.

Look at the graphics below. Which layer is the thinnest? What lies beneath Earth's crust?

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Grafika przedstawiająca wewnętrzną strukturę Ziemi. W centrum Ziemi znajduje się jądro wewnętrzne, inner core (solid). Następną warstwę stanowi jądro zewnętrzne, outer core (liquid). Następną warstwę stanowi płaszcz dolny, stiffer mantle. Dalej astenosfera, asthenosphere i płaszcz górny, rigid mantle. Kolejna warstwa to litosfera, crust, skorupa ziemska, continental crust (granitic) i skorupa oceaniczne, oceanic crust (basaltic). Dalej, na powierzchni Ziemi znajdują się kontynenty, continents, oceany, oceans. Ziemię otacza atmosfera, atmosphere i hydrosfera, hydrosphere. Na szczycie Ziemi, jej północnym biegunie znajduje się pokrywa lodowa, Ice cap.

Plate tectonics

From the very beginning of its existence, geology has asked questions about how the mountains were created, why volcanoes erupt, what causes earthquakes. Not more than 100 years ago, in 1912, a revolutionary hypothesis was born known as the continental driftcontinental driftthe continental drift, now called from the surname of its creator - Wegener's theoryWegener’s theoryWegener's theory. At the time, he was unable to explain the cause of the slow movement of continental and oceanic plates, but this concept gained more and more recognition over time. It was only when the ocean floor was studied several dozen years later that the validity of Wegener’s hypothesis was confirmed and developed into a scientific theory of tectonics of the lithospheric platestheory of tectonics of the lithospheric platestheory of tectonics of the lithospheric plates. This theory gives answers to most questions asked by modern geology. It assumes that the lithospherelithospherelithosphere zone is divided into huge plates that cover the entire planet and float on a plastic mantle. They can move apart, creating places called the spreadingspreadingspreading zones (proliferation). If two plates collide with each other, usually one of them (usually the oceanic one) slides under the other (most often the land‑based one), and the line of such a collision is called the subductionsubductionsubduction zone. The lithospheric plates can also move parallel to each other along the line of faultsfaultfaults.

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Znajdź informacje na temat siedmiu głównych płyt tektonicznych.

In the place where the oceanic ridge runs, there is a zone of spreading, i.e. the growth of the oceanic crust. Ocean ridge forms a network around the entire Earth. Volcanic phenomena and frequent earthquakes can be observed in this zone.

Keywords

Earth's crust, subduction, Earth's layers, continental drift

Glossary